[Muscle and tendon injuries in the athlete].

Muscle and tendon injuries are the most common injuries in sports; they are mostly caused by overuse and repetitive strain injuries and require special diagnosis and treatment. Selective examples are given of surgical therapy (when conservative treatment fails) for the most frequent sports injuries (like muscle ruptures, jumper's knee, Achilles tendon ruptures, rotator cuff tears, tendinitis, dislocation of tendons, compartment syndrome).

[Diagnosis and management of "jumper's knee"].

Authors deal with a characteristic and frequent sport damage, not yet described in the professional literature of this country. The Syndrome "Jumper's knee" is a collective term comprising the insertiopathies in the knee region, developed in consequence of the overuse of the extensors. During 6 years 385 patients were treated for this problem at the National Institute for Sport Medicine, Department of Sport Surgery and operations were performed in 47 cases.

Overuse injuries of the knee in basketball.

Overuse injuries of the knee are abundant in basketball players. This article discusses the pathophysiology of overuse and the principles of treatment. The diagnosis and clinical management of jumper's knee, patellofemoral pain, and stress fractures are outlined with specific attention to rehabilitation techniques and training.

Unusual patterns of glenohumeral joint injuries in adolescent ski-jumpers.

We report on two 16.5-year-old ski-jumpers who sustained unusual glenohumeral joint injuries. The first fell on landing, the other while running out.

[Jumper's knee].

A series of 30 athletes aged about 16 years on an average, exposed to activities putting a strain on the patellar tendon during training has been examined. They were involved in competitive sports for 3 years on an average. In 27 per cent of them jumpers knee symptoms have been found.

Anterolateral dislocation of the proximal tibiofibular joint: case report and literature review.

1. Dislocation of the proximal tibiofibular joint is a rare injury, probably less than 1% of all knee injuries. It is seen more frequently in athletes such as soccer players, ballet dancers, and equestrian jumpers.

Imaging of the skeleton and soft tissue in children.

Normal metaphyses in infants contain a step-off not to be confused with child abuse. Extension of physeal lucency into the metaphyses can be a sign of healing child-abuse fracture of experimental physeal fracture, as well as deferoxamine overdose. Sonography can reveal costochondral dislocation, the pattern of healing fracture callus, the patellar tendon in jumper's knee, synovium of rheumatoid arthritis, sequestrum in advanced osteomyelitis, the unossified dislocated patella, and, even after 2 years of age, the dislocated femoral head.

Partial rupture of the patellar ligament. Results after operative treatment.

Partial rupture of the patellar ligament, also known as jumper's knee, is defined as a repetitive overload lesion at the bone-ligament junction at the lower patellar pole. It is found mainly in athletes and is caused either by microruptures or partial macroruptures of the proximal part of the ligament. The abnormal anatomical lesion is focal degeneration, microruptures and macroruptures, and devitalized tissue at the insertion of the patellar ligament.

Bilateral infrapatellar tendon rupture in a patient with jumper's knee.

This is the fourth case report of bilateral infrapatellar tendon rupture as a result of indirect trauma in a patient without systemic disease. This is the only report we have found of jumper's knee leading to simultaneous infrapatellar tendon ruptures.

Ultrasonography in the detection of partial patellar ligament ruptures (jumper's knee).

The diagnostic performance of ultrasonography (US) in the detection of partial ruptures in the proximal part of the patellar ligament (jumper's knee) was studied. A total of 81 athletes with chronic localized pain suggestive of jumper's knee underwent US examination, and 25 of these received surgical treatment. Of 25 proven partial tendon ruptures at surgery, US correctly indicated the diagnosis in all cases.

[Injuries in track and field sports].

Acute injuries in track and field sports are rare compared to team or combatant sports (accident rate 0.4%-1%). Acute lesions are most frequent in the muscular system, followed by ruptures of the larger tendons as well as of the ligaments and capsule of the large joints.

[Results of diagnostic sonography in injuries of the knee joint].

In an experimental study we examined three knee specimens with regard to the value of ultrasound for imaging soft tissue structures. Afterwards we documented artificial lesions of the menisci and ligaments. With this experience we started a prospective study of 101 patients suffering from acute knee injuries or chronic knee complaints.

Knee injuries in volleyball.

The knee is the most frequent site of injury in volleyball players. More than 40% of high level players suffer overuse injuries during this activity; this particularly painful syndrome is caused by the amount of jumping typical in volleyball play, and in its training which aims at strengthening the quadriceps muscle. In volleyball players the extensor apparatus is subject to continuously high stress and the bone tendon junction, being the weakest point, is susceptible to lesion.

Optimum take-off techniques for high and long jumps.

High jumpers run at moderate speeds and set down the foot, from which they take off, well in front of the body. Long jumpers run up much faster and place the foot less far forward, with the leg at a steeper angle. A simple model, which takes into account the mechanical properties of muscle, predicts optimum take-off techniques that agree well with those used by athletes.

Ultrasonography of jumper's knee.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of ultrasonography (US) in the management of jumper's knees. Sixty-two cases of clinically suggested jumper's knees, 52 asymptomatic contralateral knees and 100 asymptomatic knees of healthy middle aged men were examined. In the symptomatic group US was normal in 25 cases, all recovered with conservative therapy.

[Patella fragmentation in cerebral palsy].

In 16 patients with cerebral palsy 23 painful fragmentations at the lower pole of the patella were observed and surgically removed. In all cases pain was relieved immediately. Patellar fragmentations usually appeared in children between 12 and 16 years, in males twice as often in females.

[Possibilities of sonography in patellar apex syndrome].

23 Patients suffering from jumper's knee were examined by sonography. Using ultrasound imaging, we demonstrated pathologic changes in the tendon. Reproducible documentation of the patella tendon was proved by using three specimens.

Jumper's knee. Diagnosis and treatment.

"Jumper's knee" or patellar tendinitis was first described in an article by Blazina in 1973. He noted an increasing incidence of peripatellar tendinitis, affecting either the quadriceps tendon or the patellar tendon insertion onto the patella, most commonly in jumping athletes. Since that time, numerous articles have further defined the etiology of this condition and the actual pathologic lesion, along with classifying the stages of its development and outlining appropriate methods of treatment and prevention.

Characteristics of leg extensor muscle in a world champion masters jumper. A case study.

To examine the characteristics of a world champion masters jumper (aged 71 yr), a study was undertaken which included a muscle biopsy and measurement of mechanical force production. Comparisons were made to biopsy data obtained from the literature and to force data on 7 active males (63-81 yrs). Cross-sectional areas of vastus lateralis muscle of the jumper's dominant thigh were 3.

The effect of volleyball playing on the knee extensor mechanism.

The knee extensor mechanism was examined in 32 male competitive volleyball players (Group V) and in a control group of 49 young adult males (Group C) to evaluate the effects of previous jumping activity on the knee extensor mechanism. Several variables were recorded by means of a structured questionnaire, and by clinical and radiographic examination. The amount of physical activity from the age of 7 years onward was significantly greater in Group V than in Group C.

[The value of sonography in injuries of the knee joint].

In an experimental study we examined three knee specimens with regard to the value of ultrasound for imaging soft tissue structures. Subsequently we documented artificial lesions at the menisci and ligaments. With this experience we started a prospective study comparing the preoperative ultrasound investigation with the results of arthroscopy in 101 patients.

Jumper's Knee.

Jumper's knee is a common manifestation seen in the athletic population, resulting from overuse of the knee extensor mechanism. The purpose of this article is to review the literature associated with jumper's knee, in the hope that it may benefit the physical therapist's understanding and management of this condition. The pertinent anatomical, biomechanical, and physiological aspects will be briefly reviewed.