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Trauma-induced heterotopic bone formation and the role of the immune system: A review.

J Trauma Acute Care Surg

January 2016

From the University of Michigan Medical School (C.T.K., S.L.); and Divisions of Plastic Surgery (S.A., K.R., B.L.), and Acute Care Surgery (M.J.D.), Department of Surgery (J.L.), University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Division of Plastic Surgery (V.W.W.), Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University Health System, Baltimore, Maryland.

Extremity trauma, spinal cord injuries, head injuries, and burn injuries place patients at high risk of pathologic extraskeletal bone formation. This heterotopic bone causes severe pain, deformities, and joint contractures. The immune system has been increasingly implicated in this debilitating condition.

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