Calcium transfer from the ER to other organelles for optimal signaling in .

Ca signaling in cells begins with the opening of Ca channels in either the plasma membrane (PM) or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and results in a dramatic increase in the physiologically low (<100 nM) cytosolic Ca level. The temporal and spatial Ca levels are well regulated to enable precise and specific activation of critical biological processes. Ca signaling regulates pathogenic features of apicomplexan parasites like which infects approximately one-third of the world's population.

Drug resistance and epidemiological success of modern Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages in western India.

Background: Transmission is contributing to the slow decline of tuberculosis (TB) incidence globally. Drivers of TB transmission in India, the country estimated to carry a quarter of the World's burden, are not well studied. We conducted a genomic epidemiology study to compare epidemiological success, host factors and drug resistance (DR) among the four major Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) lineages (L1-4) circulating in Pune, India.

Cycloserine did not increase depression incidence or severity at standard dosing for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

https://bit.ly/3GtQmOH

Utility of non-HDL-C and apoB targets in the context of new more aggressive lipid guidelines.

Objective: Major guidelines recommend the use of secondary targets, such as non-HDL-C and apoB, to further reduce cardiovascular risk. We aimed to evaluate the proportion at which newer, more aggressive secondary lipid targets are exceeded in patients with LDL-C < 70 mg/dL estimated by Friedewald (LDLf-C) and Martin/Hopkins equations (LDLm-C).

Methods: We analyzed patients from the Very Large Database of Lipids with fasting lipids and estimated LDL-C <70 mg/dL by the Friedewald equation and Martin/Hopkins algorithm.

A plastid two-pore channel essential for inter-organelle communication and growth of Toxoplasma gondii.

Two-pore channels (TPCs) are a ubiquitous family of cation channels that localize to acidic organelles in animals and plants to regulate numerous Ca-dependent events. Little is known about TPCs in unicellular organisms despite their ancient origins. Here, we characterize a TPC from Toxoplasma gondii, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis.

Registration of phase 3 crossover trials on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Background: In a randomized crossover trial, each participant is randomized to a sequence of treatments and treatment effect is estimated based on within-individual difference because each participant serves as his/her own control. This feature makes the design and reporting of randomized crossover trials different from that of parallel trials. Our objective was to characterize phase 3 crossover trials with results reported on ClinicalTrials.

Identifying and Prioritizing Chemicals with Uncertain Burden of Exposure: Opportunities for Biomonitoring and Health-Related Research.

Background: The National Institutes of Health's Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) initiative aims to understand the impact of environmental factors on childhood disease. Over 40,000 chemicals are approved for commercial use. The challenge is to prioritize chemicals for biomonitoring that may present health risk concerns.

Neighborhood Profiles and Associations with Coping Behaviors among Low-Income Youth.

Extant research has typically examined neighborhood characteristics in isolation using variable-centered approaches; however, there is reason to believe that perceptions of the neighborhood environment influence each other, requiring the use of person-centered approaches to study these relationships. The present study sought to determine profiles of youth that differ in their perceptions of their neighborhoods and objective neighborhood characteristics, and whether these profiles are associated with youth coping. Participants were low-income, African American youth (N= 733; 51.

Pathways Between a Polygenic Score for Educational Attainment and Higher Educational Attainment in an African American Sample.

We investigated the extent to which performance on standardized achievement tests, executive function (EF), and aggression in childhood and adolescence accounted for the relationship between a polygenic score for educational attainment (EA PGS) and years of education in a community sample of African Americans. Participants (N = 402; 49.9% female) were initially recruited for an elementary school-based prevention trial in a Mid-Atlantic city and followed into adulthood.

Analysis of TCR β CDR3 sequencing data for tracking anti-tumor immunity.

Anti-tumor T cells are the soldiers in the body's war against cancer. Effector T cells can detect and eliminate cells expressing their cognate antigen via activation through engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR) with its cognate peptide:MHC complex. Owing to the recent success of immunotherapy in the treatment of many different cancer types, research efforts have shifted toward identifying and tracking anti-tumor T cell responses upon treatment in cancer patients.

Miscarriage among women in the United States Women's Interagency HIV Study, 1994-2017.

Background: Relatively little is known about the frequency and factors associated with miscarriage among women living with HIV.

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate factors associated with miscarriage among women enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study.

Study Design: We conducted an analysis of longitudinal data collected from Oct.

The Silver Lining in Gain-of-Function Experiments with Pathogens of Pandemic Potential.

Half a decade after the contentious "gain-of-function" (GOF) debate of 2012 that followed experimentation showing that highly pathogenic avian influenza virus could become mammalian transmissible, it is possible to reflect on the arguments for and against this type of research. In this essay we argue that GOF-type experiments have already produced important information not available from any other source while also providing information on pathogenesis and the requirements for optimizing strains for vaccine production. We analyze the moral arguments against GOF and find them less compelling for a variety of reasons ranging from the uncertainty of risk-benefit analysis to the reduced likelihood of accidents given the enhanced biosafety and biosecurity protocols currently in place.

Trends of and factors associated with live-birth and abortion rates among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women.

Background: Little is known about fertility choices and pregnancy outcome rates among HIV-infected women in the current combination antiretroviral treatment era.

Objective: We sought to describe trends and factors associated with live-birth and abortion rates among HIV-positive and high-risk HIV-negative women enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study in the United States.

Study Design: We analyzed longitudinal data collected from Oct.

Body mass index and risk of tuberculosis and death.

Background: High BMI has been shown to be protective against tuberculosis (TB) among HIV-uninfected individuals, as well as against disease progression and mortality among those with HIV. We examined the effect of BMI on all-cause mortality and TB incidence among a cohort of HIV-infected adults in Soweto, South Africa.

Methods: A clinical cohort of 3456 HIV-infected adults from South Africa was prospectively followed from 2003 to 2008 with regular monitoring.

Interrelation of energy intake, body size, and physical activity with prostate cancer in a large prospective cohort study.

Energy restriction reduces prostate tumor growth in transplantable tumor models in rodents, which suggests that excessive energy intake may contribute to the risk of prostate cancer. The association of total energy intake across the normal range with prostate cancer has not been consistent in epidemiological studies. We prospectively evaluated the joint associations of energy intake and body size or physical activity with prostate cancer.

Effect of zinc supplementation started during diarrhoea on morbidity and mortality in Bangladeshi children: community randomised trial.

Objective: To evaluate the effect on morbidity and mortality of providing daily zinc for 14 days to children with diarrhoea.

Design: Cluster randomised comparison.

Setting: Matlab field site of International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh.