State-level changes in racial disparities in probation and parole rates in the United States, 2001-2018.

Although the public health field has increasingly studied the collateral consequences of incarceration, we know little about the health consequences of other forms of criminal legal contact, including probation and parole. Understanding spatial and racial-ethnic variation in probation/parole across US states provides new insights into how community supervision impacts population health disparities. However, state-level probation/parole prevalence has not been adequately described.

Bone Mineral Density Improvement After Resolution of Endogenous Cushing Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective: We aimed to identify all evidence to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) improvement after resolution of endogenous Cushing syndrome (eCS).

Methods: Potentially eligible studies were identified from the EMBASE and PubMed databases from inception to February 2024, utilizing a search strategy incorporating terms related to "Bone mineral density" and "Cushing syndrome". Eligible studies must include patients diagnosed with eCS.

Cannabis and cannabinoid-microbiome interactions in varied clinical contexts: A comprehensive systematic review.

With legalisation of cannabis for both medicinal and recreational use expanding to more world nations, grasping its effects on the human body is vital. The microbiome is critical to human health and disease, and accumulating data suggests that it is influenced by a variety of external variables, including marijuana/cannabis and cannabinoids. We therefore conducted a comprehensive assessment of the literature to analyse cannabis and cannabinoid effects on the human microbiota.

Harm Reduction: The Neglected Pillar of US Drug Policy.

Harm reduction programs provide tools that enable people who use drugs to do so more safely in a nonstigmatizing environment without the goal of them necessarily seeking treatment or abstinence. Most harm reduction programs in the United States distribute sterile syringes and naloxone and safely dispose of used syringes and other drug use supplies. Many also provide drug checking services, and other safer use supplies.

Economic evaluation of childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination programs in Qinghai and Hainan provinces, China.

Background: The burden of pneumococcal disease varies regionally in China, disproportionately affecting children in many provinces such as Qinghai and Hainan. Nevertheless, the absence of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in the National Immunization Program (NIP) or local programs presents limited coverage. This study evaluated the health and economic impact of including PCV in immunization programs in Qinghai and Hainan.

Mobility paradoxes: disruptors, benefits, and agency among mobile female sex workers living with HIV in the Dominican Republic and Tanzania.

Background: Mobility is a key social determinant of health for female sex workers (FSWs). While extant research has focused on the adverse effects of mobility for FSWs, there are very few studies that have examined the multiple ways in which mobility may impact the lives of these mobile women from their perspective. This qualitative study aims to fill this gap by exploring how mobility impacts the lives, livelihoods, and HIV care and treatment from the perspectives of women living with HIV in two epidemic settings, the Dominican Republic and Tanzania.

Inaccuracy of temporal thermometer measurement by age and race.

Objective: Rapid vital sign assessment, including temperature measurement, is critical among pediatric patients presenting to the emergency department (ED). While error rates in temporal thermometry are well documented, the potential for differential error rates by demographics are not well established. Our objective was to evaluate error rates of temporal thermometers by demographic variables, specifically race and age, among pediatric patients in the ED.

Climate change and Vibrio vulnificus dynamics: A blueprint for infectious diseases.

Climate change is having increasingly profound effects on human health, notably those associated with the occurrence, distribution, and transmission of infectious diseases. The number of disparate ecological parameters and pathogens affected by climate change are vast and expansive. Disentangling the complex relationship between these variables is critical for the development of effective countermeasures against its effects.

The RISE (Resilience in Stressful Events) Peer Support Program: Creating a Virtuous Cycle of Healthcare Leadership Support for Staff Resilience and Well-Being.

Healthcare leaders are responsible for creating an environment where their staff can maintain their resilience and well-being. However, there is a crisis of burnout among healthcare workers. The resulting increased turnover, diminished morale and performance, safety risks, and decreased worker engagement produces a vicious cycle of burnout.

A method for authenticating the fidelity of knockout collections.

Gene knockout strain collections are important tools for discovery in microbiology. The only available genome-wide deletion collection for a human pathogenic fungus, , is utilized widely for genetic studies. We uncovered mix-ups in the assembly of the commercially available deletion collection of ~6,000 unique strains acquired by our lab.

Humanitarian-specific recommendations for gender-transformative parenting programming: lessons from the field to address gender-based violence.

There has been tremendous progress in building and promoting evidence-based practice around parenting programming in low- and middle-income countries. However, there remains a dearth of evidence specifically examining gender transformative programming designed to address gender-based violence in humanitarian settings. To inform this gap, we examine how existing gender transformative programmatic material addresses the unique circumstances of parenting in humanitarian settings.

Alcohol consumption does not modify the polygenic risk score-based genetic risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.

High genetic risk and alcohol consumption ≥1 drink/day are associated with increased breast cancer risk. However, the interaction between alcohol and genetics on breast cancer risk is poorly understood, including in populations not enriched with daily drinkers. We prospectively studied 5651 White and Black postmenopausal women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.

"It always needs a higher level of care than what I can provide": Practical, ethical, and administrative tensions arising from the integration of wound care services into syringe service programs in Maryland.

Introduction: The emergence of xylazine into the U.S. drug supply has increased demand for wound care services among people who inject drugs (PWID).

Impact of pandemic-induced service disruptions and behavioral changes on HCV and HIV transmission amongst people who inject drugs: a modeling study.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic may have disproportionally impacted vulnerable groups such as people who inject drugs (PWID) through reduced healthcare services as well as social changes from pandemic mitigation measures. Understanding how the COVID-19 pandemic and associated mitigation strategies subsequently changed the trajectory of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV transmission is critical to estimating disease burdens, identifying outbreak risk, and developing informed intervention strategies.

Methods: Using behavioral data from the AIDS Linked to the IntraVenous Experience (ALIVE) study, an ongoing community-based cohort of PWID in Baltimore, USA, and an individual-based network model, we explored the impacts of service disruptions combined with changes in social networks and injecting behaviors of PWID on HCV and HIV transmission.

Human-Centered Design to Enhance Implementation and Impact in Health.

Human-centered design (HCD) is an approach that aligns innovation development with the needs of the people and the settings where those innovations will be used. HCD is increasingly being applied across a variety of health domains, most often with the goals of translating research into real-world settings and expanding innovation adoption. This review introduces key HCD concepts, reviews the growth of HCD in public health and its alignment with the complementary field of implementation science, and details four prominent proximal outcomes of design processes: () usability, () user burden, () contextual appropriateness, and () engagement.

Family criminal legal system exposure and early adolescents' pubertal development: The mediating role of family strain.

Pubertal trends, wherein adolescents today are experiencing puberty earlier than prior generations, have coincided with the expansion of the criminal legal system, which is disproportionately impacting communities of color. However, whether pubertal development and criminal legal system exposure among adolescents are inter-related is unknown. We tested whether family members' criminal legal system exposure predicted adolescents' pubertal development, whether family strain explained the relation between criminal legal system exposure and pubertal development, and whether race/ethnicity moderated our results.

Age- and sex-stratified risks of myocarditis and pericarditis attributable to COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

While COVID-19 vaccines are generally very safe, the risks of myocarditis and pericarditis has been established following mRNA vaccines, with the highest risk in young males. Most systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the risk of myocarditis or pericarditis have included passive surveillance data, which is subject to reporting errors. Accurate measures of age-, sex-, vaccine dose-, and vaccine type-specific risks are crucial for assessment of the benefits and risks of the vaccination.

High-Risk Infant Developmental Outcome Is Associated with Medical Complexity and Neighborhood Opportunity.

Objective: To assess how medical complexity and neighborhood opportunity jointly affect cognitive, motor, and language Bayley's Scales of Infant Development. Secondary objectives involved identifying the factors contributing to developmental disparities across diverse racial and ethnic groups.

Study Design: Electronic health records from a Southern California high-risk infant follow-up clinic were analyzed for 440 infants from 2014 through 2023 who had either had neonatal intensive care unit stays, prematurity, very low birthweight, or developmental delay risk.

Assessing the efficacy of the Plasma Spinning Disc Reactor (PSDR) in treating undiluted Aqueous Film Forming Foams (AFFFs).

This work used pulsed electrical discharge plasma to treat undiluted Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) solution that contained significant quantities of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The plasma was generated within a plasma spinning disc reactor (PSDR), which utilizes the electric breakdown of argon gas to create plasma over a thin liquid film generated on a spinning disc. The PSDR performance toward degradation of AFFF constituents such as fluorotelomers, perfluorinated C-C alkyl acids, and unidentified precursors was investigated.

Electronic Communication Between Children's Caregivers and Health Care Teams: Scoping Review on Parental Caregiver's Perceptions and Experience.

Background: Asynchronous communication via electronic modes (e-communication), including patient portals, secure messaging services, SMS text messaging, and email, is increasingly used to supplement synchronous face-to-face medical visits; however, little is known about its quality in pediatric settings.

Objective: This review aimed to summarize contemporary literature on pediatric caregivers' experiences with and perspectives of e-communication with their child's health care team to identify how e-communication has been optimized to improve patient care.

Methods: A scoping review following the Arksey and O'Malley methodological framework searched PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science using terms such as "Electronic Health Records" and "Communication" from 2013 to 2023 that discussed caregiver experiences and perspectives of e-communication with their child's health care provider.