"Energetics of the outer retina I: Estimates of nutrient exchange and ATP generation".

Photoreceptors (PRs) are metabolically demanding and packed at high density, which presents a challenge for nutrient exchange between the associated vascular beds and the tissue. Motivated by the ambition to understand the constraints under which PRs function, in this study we have drawn together diverse physiological and anatomical data in order to generate estimates of the rates of ATP production per mm2 of retinal surface area. With the predictions of metabolic demand in the companion paper, we seek to develop an integrated energy budget for the outer retina.

Corneal Refractive Surgery Considerations in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric eating disorder characterized by body mass index (BMI) ≤ 18.5, fear of gaining weight, and a distorted perception of body weight. With increasing rates of myopia, there is a population of patients who concurrently develop AN and may seek corneal refractive surgery.

The microbiome and the eye: a new era in ophthalmology.

The human microbiome has progressively been recognised for its role in various disease processes. In ophthalmology, complex interactions between the gut and distinct ocular microbiota within each structure and microenvironment of the eye has advanced our knowledge on the multi-directional relationships of these ecosystems. Increasingly, studies have shown that modulation of the microbiome can be achieved through faecal microbiota transplantation and synbiotics producing favourable outcomes for ophthalmic diseases.

Emerging strategies targeting genes and cells in glaucoma.

Glaucoma comprises a heterogeneous set of eye conditions that cause progressive vision loss. Glaucoma has a complex etiology, with different genetic and non-genetic risk factors that differ across populations. Although difficult to diagnose in early stages, compromised cellular signaling, dysregulation of genes, and homeostatic imbalance are common precursors to injury and subsequent death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs).

Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes in Unilateral Coats disease - a Global Collaborative Study.

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in unilateral Coats disease in the era of anti-VEGF therapy.

Design: Global, multicenter, retrospective case series.

Subjects: 656 eyes of 656 subjects with Coats disease were included in this study.

Transient Diagnostics and Therapeutic-Related Increase in Intraocular Pressure and Risk to the Glaucoma Patient.

This review evaluates the impact of transient intraocular pressure (IOP) elevations during common ophthalmic surgical and diagnostic procedures on glaucoma patients. Elevated IOP is a key risk factor in glaucoma, and while transient IOP spikes are frequently encountered during surgeries like cataract extraction, laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), and femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS), the clinical significance of these short-term elevations remains uncertain, particularly for eyes with compromised optic nerves. There is still a lack of data on which IOP level and duration of IOP insult the glaucoma damage occurs.

Visual Loss in Geographic Atrophy: Learnings From the Lampalizumab Trials.

Purpose: To assess the correlation of lesion growth rate and baseline factors, including foveal involvement and focality, on visual loss as measured by best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in patients with geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Design: Retrospective analysis of the lampalizumab phase 3 (NCT02247479 and NCT02247531) and prospective observational (NCT02479386) trials.

Participants: Patients with bilateral GA.

Extracellular vesicles as emerging players in glaucoma: Mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets.

In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted significant scientific interest due to their widespread distribution, their potential as disease biomarkers, and their promising applications in therapy. Encapsulated by lipid bilayers these nanovesicles include small extracellular vesicles (sEV) (30-150 nm), microvesicles (100-1000 nm), and apoptotic bodies (100-5000 nm) and are essential for cellular communication, immune responses, biomolecular transport, and physiological regulation. As they reflect the condition and functionality of their originating cells, EVs play critical roles in numerous physiological processes and diseases.

Vision screening for preschoolers with commercial insurance: impact of geography.

Background: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends pediatric vision screening to detect and refer vision disorders during the critical early years when intervention yields the greatest benefits. We determined the rate of vision screening for US children 3-5 years of age with commercial insurance and compared rates among those living in rural versus urban areas. Children in rural compared with urban areas were expected to have lower rates of vision screening.

Access to vision care for children from immigrant and nonimmigrant households: evidence from the National Survey of Children's Health 2018-2019.

Purpose: To investigate whether immigrant generation is associated with caregiver-reported receipt of vision testing.

Methods: Nationally representative data from the 2018-2019 National Survey of Children's Health was used. The primary exposure was immigrant generation, with first generation defined as child and all reported parents born outside the United States; second generation, as child born in the United States but at least one parent born outside the United States; and third generation, as all parents in the household born in the United States.

Patient-centered medical homes and vision care for children: a cross-sectional analysis with data from the national survey of children's health 2018-2019.

Background: Vision screening as part of well-child visits is recommended annually for US children 3 to 6 years. However, 63% of children do not get a vision screening in well-child visits. The Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) improves the receipt of preventive care visits in other medical specialties but it is unknown if it improves receipt of vision screening.

Assessing the Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Creation of Patient Educational Videos for Corneal Refractive Surgery.

Purpose: We aim to assess the ability of artificial intelligence (AI) to generate patient educational videos for various corneal refractive surgeries.

Methods: Three AI text-to-video platforms (InVideo (San Francisco, CA), ClipTalk (San Francisco, CA), and EasyVid (Los Angeles, CA)) were used to create patient educational videos for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), and small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), respectively. Videos for LASIK and PRK from the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) and a SMILE video from Zeiss served as controls for each surgery.

Corneal Refractive Surgery Considerations in Patients With History of Orthokeratology.

Objective: To review the current literature describing corneal changes observed with orthokeratology (ortho-k) use and to formulate preliminary recommendations for these patients seeking corneal refractive surgery.

Methods: The literature search was conducted through the PubMed, Scopus, and Ovid databases through June 4, 2024, for articles regarding corneal physiological, tomographic, and biomechanical changes secondary to ortho-k use.

Results: Forty-one articles were found describing several changes associated with ortho-k use, including higher corneal staining, central corneal epithelial thinning and midperipheral thickening, increased higher-order aberrations, decreased contrast sensitivity, reduced corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor, and alterations in the tear proteome.

Assessing Changes in Corneal Densitometry in Patients After Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE).

Purpose: The aim is to assess for any lasting changes in corneal densitometry (CD) in patients who underwent small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and developed early transient postoperative corneal haze.

Methods: This retrospective chart review analyzed 98 eyes from 49 patients who underwent SMILE at the Hoopes Vision Clinic and had one-year postoperative Pentacam CD (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany). These were compared to 78 eyes from 42 unoperated myopic control patients with documented CD measurements.

Age-related macular degeneration: natural history revisited in geographic atrophy.

Progression of geographic atrophy varies significantly based on individual and lesion characteristics. Much research has strived to understand prognostic indicators of lesion progression over time, yet integrating findings to date may pose a challenge to clinicians. This review strives to synthesize current knowledge on genetic, behavioral, structural, and functional factors that influence geographic atrophy across the lifetime.

Discrepancies in CDE and Measured Phaco Tip Energy: Comparison of Energy Produced in Longitudinal and Torsional Ultrasound Using Calorimetry.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the differences between the heat energy produced during cataract surgery and Cumulative dissipated energy (CDE). CDE is often used as a medium for understanding the energy delivered to the eye during cataract surgery. However, the actual energy produced at the tip level of the tip is not well understood.

Ocular toxicities of FDA-approved antibody drug conjugates.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an emerging field of cancer treatments that are becoming more widespread in their use. However, there are potential ocular toxicities associated with these drugs that ophthalmologists need to be aware of to better maintain ocular health as patients undergo rigorous medical treatment for their conditions. While many ADCs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), many subsequent reports have been published regarding additional ocular side effects these drugs may cause.

Early diagnostics and interventional glaucoma.

The glaucoma treatment paradigm is starting to change from a more reactive approach that relies on topical medications to a more proactive approach that leverages procedural interventions. This evolution toward interventional glaucoma has been enabled by a growing array of lower-risk minimally invasive procedures such as laser trabeculoplasty, minimally invasive glaucoma surgery, and procedural pharmaceuticals. A common feature of these glaucoma interventions-as with all glaucoma interventions-is the need for early, prompt, and accurate diagnosis.