Improving the production of NAD via multi-strategy metabolic engineering in Escherichia coli.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential coenzyme involved in numerous physiological processes. As an attractive product in the industrial field, NAD also plays an important role in oxidoreductase-catalyzed reactions, drug synthesis, and the treatment of diseases, such as dementia, diabetes, and vascular dysfunction. Currently, although the biotechnology to construct NAD-overproducing strains has been developed, limited regulation and low productivity still hamper its use on large scales.