Advancements in targeted and immunotherapy strategies for glioma: toward precision treatment.

In recent years, significant breakthroughs have been made in cancer therapy, particularly with the development of molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapies, owing to advances in tumor molecular biology and molecular immunology. High-grade gliomas (HGGs), characterized by their high malignancy, remain challenging to treat despite standard treatment regimens, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and tumor treating fields (TTF). These therapies provide limited efficacy, highlighting the need for novel treatment strategies.