Aortopulmonary window: Clues to fetal diagnosis.

Being a planar structure, fetal diagnosis of aorto-pulmonary window poses great challenge. A few echocardiographic signs can help to clinch the diagnosis.

Pernkopf's atlas: Should unethically obtained life-saving data be discarded?

Dr Pernkopf's Topographische anatomie des menschen (Topographical anatomy of man), in four volumes, was originally published in German. It had taken the author and his colleagues over twenty years to produce it, the first volume being published in 1937. It was translated into English in 1964.

Centring patient autonomy in DNAR decisions.

The Response from the ICMR team of Dr Mani et al (1) to the IJME Editorial (2) on the ICMR DNAR Guidelines (3) provides some answers to the gaps and questions raised, and it is hoped that these will find a place in revised versions of the document. The document Disclaimer said "further revisions" were planned, based on perceptions and experiences of clinicians and the public; an early revision will allow for better acceptance of the Guidelines.

Uncommon (Group 4.0) Primary Headaches: Less Familiarity and More Missed Diagnosis.

Background: Other primary headaches make up group 4.0 of the International Classification of Headache Disorders third edition (ICHD-3). This group includes a clinically varied group of headache entities whose pathophysiology is not well understood and whose treatments are based on open-label reports.

The Indian Network of Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Etiology, Clinical Features, Outcome and Prognostic Markers in 1288 Patients.

Background: Etiology of and outcomes following idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) vary geographically. We conducted a prospective study of DILI in India, from 2013 to 2018 and summarize the causes, clinical features, outcomes and predictors of mortality.

Methods: We enrolled patients with DILI using international DILI expert working group criteria and Roussel Uclaf causality assessment method.

Idiopathic CD4 Lymphocytopenia Presenting as Cryptococcal Meningitis.

A 54-year-old male presented to our center with a 3-month history of headache, giddiness, and blurring of vision. Cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed him to be having cryptococcal meningitis. He was worked up for probable causes of immunosuppression including HIV and other infections and had an autoimmune profile as well as a bone marrow examination, none of which revealed any abnormality.

Chronic Manganese Toxicity in Indian Mines-An Historical Account of the Contributions of Dr. T.P. Niyogi.

The mining of manganese ore in India started in the year 1899, in Nagpur district of the Central Provinces. Almost six decades later, in 1957, Dr. T.

Practice Trends of Neuromodulation Therapies for Pain and Spasticity in India.

Background: Neuromodulation has been successfully used globally to address severe refractory chronic pain for over five decades. Compared to the wide acceptance that it enjoys in United States and Europe, it is fairly underutilized in Asia, including India.

Objectives: We conducted the first systematic nationwide survey to provide an overview of neuromodulation in the past 20 years to investigate the practice trends for severe refractory chronic pain and barriers for the uptake of neuromodulation therapies for pain in India.

Clinico-pathological Profile and Outcome of C-3 Glomerulopathy in Indian Children.

Introduction: There is paucity of data of C3 glomerulopathy in Indian children.

Methods: First Indian pediatric case series where consecutive renal biopsies done over a period of ten years were reviewed to identify those patients who had isolated or predominant C3 deposits on immunofluorescent microscopy, fulfilling the criteria for C-3 glomerulopathy. The clinical, biochemical, serological, histopathological profile, eGFR and the need for renal replacement therapy was analyzed.

Should we start looking at the elderly for human immunodeficiency virus infections? A study of trends of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

Background: There is limited information on the trends of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infections in India - particularly from private health-care settings. We designed the present research to estimate the prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV over a period of 7 years and study the factors associated with them.

Materials And Methods: The present study is a secondary data analysis of data from the laboratory records of 24,086 individuals who were tested over a period of 7 years (2009-2015).

Migraine: epidemiology and systems of care.

Migraine is a neurovascular disorder that affects over 1 billion people worldwide. Its widespread prevalence, and associated disability, have a range of negative and substantial effects not only on those immediately affected but also on their families, colleagues, employers, and society. To reduce this global burden, concerted efforts are needed to implement and improve migraine care that is supported by informed health-care policies.

A Multicenter Cohort Study From India of 75 Kidney Transplants in Recipients Recovered After COVID-19.

Background: There is limited current knowledge on feasibility and safety of kidney transplantation in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) survivors.

Methods: We present a retrospective cohort study of 75 kidney transplants in patients who recovered from polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 performed across 22 transplant centers in India from July 3, 2020, to January 31, 2021. We detail demographics, clinical manifestations, immunosuppression regimen, laboratory findings, treatment, and outcomes.

Ileal cavernous haemangioma in an adult presenting as a rare cause of small bowel obstruction.

Haemangiomas of the small bowel are a very rare entity and rarely considered as an aetiology for an intestinal obstruction. Contrast-enhanced CT is the investigation of choice but the lesion can be confused with malignancy or rarely a neuroendocrine tumour. Commonly it presents as abdominal pain with anaemia and/or melaena.

Clinical Study of 668 Indian Subjects with Juvenile, Young, and Early Onset Parkinson's Disease.

Objective: To determine the demographic pattern of juvenile-onset parkinsonism (JP, <20 years), young-onset (YOPD, 20-40 years), and early onset (EOPD, 40-50 years) Parkinson's disease (PD) in India.

Materials And Methods: We conducted a 2-year, pan-India, multicenter collaborative study to analyze clinical patterns of JP, YOPD, and EOPD. All patients under follow-up of movement disorders specialists and meeting United Kingdom (UK) Brain Bank criteria for PD were included.

Microvascular reconstruction for head and neck cancers in high risk population: clinical outcomes and complications.

Introduction: Microvascular reconstruction is the gold standard for reconstruction in oral cavity cancers. Age and comorbidities determine the type of reconstruction. We aimed to analyse the impact of high-risk comorbidities on perioperative morbidity.

Nutrition in Chronic Liver Disease: Consensus Statement of the Indian National Association for Study of the Liver.

Malnutrition and sarcopenia are common in patients with chronic liver disease and are associated with increased risk of decompensation, infections, wait-list mortality and poorer outcomes after liver transplantation. Assessment of nutritional status and management of malnutrition are therefore essential to improve outcomes in patients with chronic liver disease. This consensus statement of the Indian National Association for Study of the Liver provides a comprehensive review of nutrition in chronic liver disease and gives recommendations for nutritional screening and treatment in specific clinical scenarios of malnutrition in cirrhosis in adults as well as children with chronic liver disease and metabolic disorders.

Non-surgical Rhinoplasty and Use of Hyaluronic Acid Based Dermal Filler-User Experience in Few Subjects.

This study was intended to assess the utility of hyaluronic acid dermal fillers in patients who do not wish surgery in addition to the patients with minor post-surgery asymmetries. This was a prospective study which included post-surgery patients for minor nasal asymmetries, patients unwilling for surgery and those waiting for revision surgery. It is of great use in candidates who do not wish surgery but had the desire for different nasal appearance especially for important life events like marriage etc.

International Legal Approaches to Neurosurgery for Psychiatric Disorders.

Neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders (NPD), also sometimes referred to as psychosurgery, is rapidly evolving, with new techniques and indications being investigated actively. Many within the field have suggested that some form of guidelines or regulations are needed to help ensure that a promising field develops safely. Multiple countries have enacted specific laws regulating NPD.

Positional outflow obstruction as a cause of early refractory ascites post-pediatric living donor liver transplantation.

Refractory ascites post-liver transplantation can be a challenging problem. Causes of refractory ascites include venous outflow anastomotic stenosis, vessel kinking by the regenerating liver, pre-existing graft disease, and positional outflow obstruction. We present a case report of a child presenting with high drain output and refractory ascites post-LDLT secondary to a positional kinking.

Surgical and Hardware Complications of Deep Brain Stimulation-A Single Surgeon Experience of 519 Cases Over 20 Years.

Objective: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery has its own set of risks and complications. This study from a single center and a single surgeon analyzes various risk factors for complications and tries to establish if there is a learning curve effect in minimizing the complications.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective analysis of 519 patients (1024 leads) who underwent DBS surgery and 232 patients who underwent implantable pulse generator replacement (IPG), by a single surgeon, between the years 1999 and 2019 was performed.

Worldwide Variation in the Use of Nuclear Cardiology Camera Technology, Reconstruction Software, and Imaging Protocols.

Objectives: This study sought to describe worldwide variations in the use of myocardial perfusion imaging hardware, software, and imaging protocols and their impact on radiation effective dose (ED).

Background: Concerns about long-term effects of ionizing radiation have prompted efforts to identify strategies for dose optimization in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Studies have increasingly shown opportunities for dose reduction using newer technologies and optimized protocols.