Strengthening the Family - the 'Five-I' Approach.

This article describes the importance of the family in diabetes care. It lists the multiple ways in which the family is related to diabetes: as a cause or culprit of diabetes, as a tool or technique for delivering diabetes care and as a target of diabetes or diabetes-care-related complications. The authors suggest an alliterative 'Five-I' approach to guide diabetes care professionals in addressing needs, and utilising strengths, of the family of a person with diabetes.

Allocation of liver grafts worldwide - Is there a best system?

Background & Aims: An optimal allocation system for scarce resources should simultaneously ensure maximal utility, but also equity. The most frequent principles for allocation policies in liver transplantation are therefore criteria that rely on pre-transplant survival (sickest first policy), post-transplant survival (utility), or on their combination (benefit). However, large differences exist between centers and countries for ethical and legislative reasons.

The selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator (SPPARMα) paradigm: conceptual framework and therapeutic potential : A consensus statement from the International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS) and the Residual Risk Reduction Initiative (R3i) Foundation.

In the era of precision medicine, treatments that target specific modifiable characteristics of high-risk patients have the potential to lower further the residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Correction of atherogenic dyslipidemia, however, remains a major unmet clinical need. Elevated plasma triglycerides, with or without low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), offer a key modifiable component of this common dyslipidemia, especially in insulin resistant conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Horizontal transmission of HIV-1 infection in a child: With phylodynamic evidence-case study.

Mother-to-child transmission is the predominant mode of transmission of HIV infection in children. Occasionally, horizontal transmission has also been reported. We report a child who was diagnosed HIV positive at the age of 3.

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis: Atypical cause for chronic diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-associated immunosuppression.

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) is an uncommon disease in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised. We describe a 57-year-old male with human immunodeficiency virus who presented to us with chronic diarrhea. He had no history of allergies and had significant weight loss, normal systemic examination, and a complete blood count showing no eosinophilia.

A Study of the Role of 180W XPS Lithium Triborate Laser in the Treatment of Patients With Lower Urinary Tracts Symptoms Due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a disease of the prostate commonly seen in elderly males known to cause lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) that may require surgery as a part of treatment. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is considered the gold standard of surgical treatment, but it is not without complications. Laser photoselective vaporisation of the prostate (PVP), introduced in 1998 as an 80 W Nd:YAG laser which passed through a KTP (potassium-titanylphosphate) crystal, emerged as a safe alternative to TURP in selected cases.

Neonatal Pertussis, an Under-Recognized Health Burden and Rationale for Maternal Immunization: A Systematic Review of South and South-East Asian Countries.

Pertussis is an under-recognized cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. To review information on the epidemiology and disease burden of neonatal pertussis in South and Southeast Asian countries, a systematic literature review of three bibliographic databases was undertaken. Peer-reviewed original studies on neonatal pertussis epidemiology and burden published since 2000, with a geographical scope limited to South and Southeast Asian countries, were included.

Coronary artery air embolism complicating a CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy.

Coronary arterial air embolism is an extremely rare but readily recognizable condition on computed tomography (CT) that may complicate a lung biopsy. We present an incidence of symptomatic air embolism into the right coronary artery during a percutaneous CT-guided lung biopsy that was successfully recognized during the procedure and managed accordingly. An active search for this complication should be made when the patient deteriorates on table and the usual complications (pneumothorax, vasovagal shock, etc.

Dysautonomia and hyponatraemia as harbingers of Guillain-Barre syndrome.

A 56-year-old woman with a medical history of hypertension presented to our hospital with back pain, abdominal pain, vomiting and elevated blood pressure. The laboratory parameters including evaluation for secondary hypertension were within normal ranges at the time of presentation. During her hospitalisation, fluctuations in her blood pressure and pulse were observed which were attributed to autonomic disturbances, the cause of which was unknown.

Self-reported sleepiness in the context of fitness-to-drive.

Background: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a contributing factor to road traffic accidents. It is commonly assessed using self-administered questionnaires. These assessments are important information when discussing with the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) about fitness-to-drive.

CLIPPERS Spectrum Disorder: A Rare Pediatric Neuroinflammatory Condition.

CLIPPERS (chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids) is a recently described, rare neuroinflammatory disorder diagnosed by clinical symptoms involving the brain stem with a distinct pattern on neuroimaging and a perivascular T-lymphocyte infiltrate on brain biopsy. It is a condition usually described in adults in the fourth to fifth decade. We report a case of 13-year-old Indian boy who presented with recurrent episodes of ataxia and diplopia with onset at 7 years of age.

Biomarkers in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers: Indian Consensus Guidelines for Molecular Testing.

Novel molecular targets and promising targeted therapies have reshaped diagnostics in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite this progress, the implementation of molecular screening to identify predictive biomarkers in Indian clinical and pathology settings has been challenging due to operational and logistical constraints. This consensus guideline brings together medical oncologists, molecular pathologists and pathologists from India to provide a quick and competent reference for biomarker testing in NSCLC.

The Department of Neurosurgery, Grant Medical College and Sir J.J Group of Hospitals, Mumbai.

The Department of Neurosurgery was founded in the Grant Medical College, Mumbai, in the year 1958, and is celebrating its 60 anniversary. The history of Neurosurgery in this Institute is synonymous with the history of Neurosurgery in the state as this was one of the first government medical colleges to start a Neurosurgery Department within the state. The students after undergoing their rigorous training in the department, went on to establish advanced neurosurgical centers throughout Maharasthra and in several other parts of the country.

Women in the neurosciences.

The term 'scientist' was coined to describe Mary Somerville (1780-1872) as her contributions to astronomy commanded recognition of her excellence in science. Up to then, the term 'man of science' had been in use. In fields traditionally considered the province of males, the entry of women was viewed with consternation, apprehension and alarm.

Nucleus Accumbens Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Aggression in an Autistic Patient: A Case Report and Hypothesis of the Role of Nucleus Accumbens in Autism and Comorbid Symptoms.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder represents a set of developmental disorders characterized by lack of social interaction and verbal and nonverbal communication in the first 3 years of life. It is also associated with several comorbidities, including epilepsy, aggression, self-mutilating behavior, and obsessive-compulsive behavior. In some cases, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) develops.

CEDNIK syndrome in an Indian patient with a novel mutation of the SNAP29 gene.

CEDNIK (CErebral Dysgenesis, Neuropathy, Ichthyosis, and Keratoderma) syndrome is a neuroichthyotic syndrome characterized by a constellation of clinical features including severe developmental retardation, microcephaly, and facial dysmorphism. Here, we report the first case of CEDNIK syndrome from India presenting with characteristic clinical features and harboring a novel mutation of SNAP29 gene.

Preimplantation Genetic Testing: Its Evolution, Where Are We Today?

Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is an early form of prenatal genetic diagnosis where abnormal embryos are identified, thereby allowing transfer of genetically normal embryos. This technology has become an integral part of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) procedures. Initial experiments with animals as early as 1890 and those in the mid and later part of the last century paved the forward path of ART and PGT.

Wilson's Disease: Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Indian National Association for Study of the Liver, the Indian Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, and the Movement Disorders Society of India.

Clinical practice guidelines for Wilson's disease (WD) have been published by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and European Association for the Study of the Liver in 2008 and 2012, respectively. Their focus was on the hepatic aspects of the disease. Recently, a position paper on pediatric WD was published by the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition.

Ways of dying.

How do we die? Is it an event or a process? Does everyone die in the same way or are there different ways of dying? Even with humankind's claims to gigantic strides in knowledge, death still remains one of the great mysteries for the living. And that makes it the subject of profound and perennial philosophical and religious enquiry. Modern medical science, however, had no option but to engage with it in its bodily form and try to define the precise nature of the process of death.