Synchronous Oligometastasis and Oligoprogression as a Prognostic Marker in Patients With Extensive-Stage SCLC Treated With a Combination of Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitor and Chemotherapy (HOT2301).

Introduction: Oligometastasis and oligoprogression (OP) has not been adequately defined in extensive-stage SCLC (ES-SCLC) and may be a good indication for adding local treatment. Therefore, this multicenter study aimed to investigate the prognostic impact of oligometastasis and OP in ES-SCLC.

Methods: We enrolled patients who received chemoimmunotherapy between September 2019 and June 2022.

Efficacy and Safety of Durvalumab/Tremelimumab in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma as Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Rechallenge Following Atezolizumab/Bevacizumab Treatment.

Background: While guidelines recommend immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) rechallenge as second-line therapy for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), data supporting this remain limited, particularly regarding a standard regimen for first- and second-line treatments. Tremelimumab/durvalumab was recently approved but data on ICI rechallenge are lacking.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early efficacy and safety of tremelimumab/durvalumab for HCC as an ICI rechallenge following initial ICI therapy with atezolizumab/bevacizumab.

An unusual case of severe asphyxia with the fetal position unexpectedly inverted in a malformed uterus: a case report.

Background: We present a severe neonatal consequence due to the unexpected and crucial inversion of the fetal position after sudden termination of tocolysis during early labor of a woman with congenital uterine anomaly. It has been reported that congenital uterine anomalies latently affect the fetal position. The clinical pitfalls in childbirth with uterine anomalies are discussed here on the basis of clinical evidence.

Phase II trial of daily S-1 combined with weekly irinotecan in previously treated patients with advanced or recurrent squamous cell lung cancer: North Japan lung cancer group 1101.

Background: This phase II trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of S-1 combined with weekly irinotecan as a second- or third-line treatment for patients with advanced or recurrent squamous cell lung cancer.

Methods: Patients with a body surface area <1.25, 1.

Changes in preterm and extremely preterm birth rates in Japan after the introduction of obstetrical practice guidelines in 2008.

Aim: Obstetrical guidelines were established in Japan in 2008, and obstetrical diagnoses and treatments were subsequently standardized nationally. We examined changes in the preterm birth rate (PTBR) and extremely preterm birth rate (EPTBR) following the introduction of such guidelines.

Methods: Information on 50 706 432 live births in Japan between 1979 and 2021, including Japanese reproductive medicine, the childbearing age of pregnant women, and the employment status of reproductive-age women between 2007 and 2020, were obtained from the Japanese government and academic societies.

Real-world data on the efficacy and safety of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in elderly patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

Purpose: Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are effective against advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, whether the efficacy and safety of ICI treatment in elderly patients are similar to those in younger patients is unclear. This study was designed to address this question.

Serum Angiopoietin-2 Predicts the Occurrence and Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis C.

Progressive liver fibrosis after anti-HCV treatment is a risk factor for HCC. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) is associated with non-regression of liver fibrosis after direct-acting antiviral (DAA). This study evaluated the predictive value of serum Ang2 levels for HCC occurrence or recurrence after DAA administration.

Conversion surgery after lenvatinib treatment for multiple lung metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma.

Although systemic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma has advanced after the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as sorafenib and lenvatinib, the effectiveness of a single tyrosine kinase inhibitor in survival extension of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma is limited to a few months. Therefore, novel treatment options are required for unresectable hepatocellular carcinomas, including those with multiple lung metastases. This case report describes a hepatocellular carcinoma patient with a recurrence of multiple lung metastases, which was successfully treated with conversion pneumonectomy after treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Prophylactic tenofovir alafenamide for hepatitis B virus reactivation and reactivation-related hepatitis.

No prospective study on the efficacy of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), a novel tenofovir prodrug, in preventing hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation has yet been reported. This multicenter prospective study enrolled HBV-carriers who received TAF to prevent HBV reactivation before antitumor or immunosuppressive therapy, and patients with resolved HBV infection who experienced HBV-reactivation and received TAF to prevent HBV reactivation-related hepatitis. The efficacy of prophylactic TAF in preventing HBV reactivation and HBV reactivation-related hepatitis was evaluated at 6 and 12 months after initiating TAF.

Acute eosinophilic pneumonia caused by composter vapor inhalation: A case report.

A 65-year-old woman presented to a local hospital with a 4-day history of cough, fever, and dyspnea. She had started using a composter and had been exposed to the vapor for 18 days before her first visit. She was diagnosed with acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) based on her symptoms, the presence of bilateral pulmonary opacities on computed tomography, and alveolar eosinophilia confirmed by bronchoalveolar lavage.

Nab-Paclitaxel for Previously Treated Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Analysis of Safety and Efficacy for Patients With Renal Impairment.

Background: Renal impairment can affect treatment tolerability and outcome in individuals with cancer. We aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of nab-paclitaxel for previously treated patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and renal impairment enrolled in a phase 3 trial of nab-paclitaxel vs. docetaxel.

Phase II study of S-1 and irinotecan combination therapy in EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer resistant to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor: North Japan Lung Cancer Study Group Trial 0804 (NJLCG0804).

We conducted a multicenter phase II trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of S-1 and irinotecan combination therapy in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer treated with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Epidermal growth factor receptor-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and platinum-based chemotherapy received 80 mg/m S-1 on days 1-14 and 70 mg/m irinotecan on days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle. The primary endpoint was disease control rate 8 weeks after enrollment.

Large presacral Tarlov cysts in pregnancy.

This is the first report of large presacral Tarlov cysts (cerebrospinal fluid-filled perineural cysts) diagnosed during pregnancy in which a cesarean delivery mode was selected to avoid the risk associated with vaginal delivery.

A geometrical pitfall of Area-Length method; -Is left ventricle volume evaluation of repaired Tetralogy of Fallot by angiocardiography accurate?

Biplane Area-Length (AL) method by left ventriculography (LVG) has been widely adopted as a standard method to estimate left ventricular volume. However, we have experienced difficulties in adopting the value by AL method for the children with Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) due to the discrepancy among volumetric modalities. This study validated some limitations of AL method, considering the basic principles of its formulation.

Nintedanib plus chemotherapy for nonsmall cell lung cancer with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a randomised phase 3 trial.

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease implicated as an independent risk factor for lung cancer. However, optimal treatment for advanced lung cancer with IPF remains to be established. We performed a randomised phase 3 trial (J-SONIC) to assess the efficacy and safety of nintedanib plus chemotherapy (experimental arm) compared with chemotherapy alone (standard-of-care arm) for advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with IPF.

Multi-drug Treatment for COVID-19-induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), broke out in late 2019 to become a serious global threat to human health. In the absence of specific treatments for COVID-19, treatment options are being examined. Recently, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities of tetracyclines, macrolide antibiotics, and ivermectin (IVM), have attracted considerable attention for their potential as a single or multi-drug treatment regimen.

Phase II study of carboplatin-paclitaxel alone or with bevacizumab in advanced sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung: HOT1201/NEJ024.

Objectives: Only a few prospective studies have been conducted to examine the efficacy and safety of systemic chemotherapy for patients with pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinomas (PSCs). There is, thus, a crucial need to develop novel treatment strategies for this rare tumor.

Patients And Methods: Chemotherapy-naïve patients with histologically confirmed PSCs were assigned to receive either carboplatin/paclitaxel alone (CP) or with bevacizumab (CPB) followed by bevacizumab maintenance.

Prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma using age and liver stiffness on transient elastography after hepatitis C virus eradication.

Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) is a useful tool for assessing advanced liver fibrosis, an important risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) following hepatitis C (HCV) eradication. This study aimed to clarify the non-invasive factors associated with HCC following sustained virological response (SVR) and to identify the low-risk group. 567 patients without history of HCC who achieved SVR at 24 weeks (SVR24) after IFN-free treatment were retrospectively analyzed.

First-line osimertinib in elderly patients with epidermal growth factor receptor-mutated advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective multicenter study (HOT2002).

Osimertinib is a standard of care therapy for previously untreated epidermal growth factor receptor mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer. However, limited data exist regarding the efficacy and safety of osimertinib as a first-line therapy for elderly patients aged 75 years or older. To assess the potential clinical benefits of osimertinib in this population, this retrospective multi-institutional observational study included 132 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (age ≥ 75 years), who received osimertinib as first-line treatment.

Opioid-Induced Constipation in Patients with Cancer Pain in Japan (OIC-J Study): A Post Hoc Analysis.

Opioid-induced constipation (OIC) can limit the clinical benefit of opioid treatment. This post-hoc analysis evaluated the association between the Rome IV diagnostic criteria and other measures for OIC, including the Bowel Function Index (BFI), correlation between demographics and OIC onset, impact of OIC on pain treatment, and impact of patient-healthcare professional (HCP) communication on patient satisfaction. Patients recorded bowel habits in paper diaries for 14 days following opioid initiation.

Prognostic significance of OX40 lymphocytes in tumor stroma of surgically resected small-cell lung cancer.

OX40 (CD134) is a co-stimulatory molecule mostly expressed on activated T lymphocytes. Previous reports have shown that OX40 can be an immuno-oncology target and a clinical biomarker for cancers of various organs. In this study, we collected formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples from 124 patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) who had undergone surgery.