Correction Rates and Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Adults With Severe Hyponatremia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Importance: Hyponatremia treatment guidelines recommend limiting the correction of severe hyponatremia during the first 24 hours to prevent osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). Recent evidence suggests that slower rates of correction are associated with increased mortality.

Objective: To evaluate the association of sodium correction rates with mortality among hospitalized adults with severe hyponatremia.

Deriving and validating a risk prediction model for long COVID: a population-based, retrospective cohort study in Scotland.

Objectives: Using electronic health records, we derived and internally validated a prediction model to estimate risk factors for long COVID and predict individual risk of developing long COVID.

Design: Population-based, retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Scotland.

Pharmaceutical industry payments to healthcare professional organisations in the United Kingdom: a seven-year cross-sectional analysis of the Disclosure UK database from 2015 to 2021.

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the size and trends in payments from the pharmaceutical industry to healthcare professional organisations (HPOs) in the United Kingdom (UK), and to characterise the conflict of interest (COI) management plans by HPOs who received large payments.

Design: Cross-sectional analysis of non-research payments disclosed in the Disclosure UK database from 2015 to 2021.

Setting: United Kingdom.

Making the transition from medical student to junior doctor.

The transition between medical students and junior doctors is known to be a notoriously challenging period of time, contributed by heavy clinical responsibilities, steep learning curves, poor working conditions and various psychological stressors. In addition, there is often a significant lack of support at the organisational or health systems level for fledgling junior physicians in their transition to work life. In this article, I hope to offer several important guiding principles from the perspectives of a medical resident-in-training that I hope will be useful for graduating medical students to ease their transition into the foundational year of practice, such that they can optimise their training and work experience within what is in their control and maintain a sense of purpose even in difficult times.

Non-parametric Bayesian approach to multiple treatment comparisons in network meta-analysis with application to comparisons of anti-depressants.

Network meta-analysis is a powerful tool to synthesize evidence from independent studies and compare multiple treatments simultaneously. A critical task of performing a network meta-analysis is to offer ranks of all available treatment options for a specific disease outcome. Frequently, the estimated treatment rankings are accompanied by a large amount of uncertainty, suffer from multiplicity issues, and rarely permit possible ties of treatments with similar performance.

Estimating spatially varying health effects of wildland fire smoke using mobile health data.

Wildland fire smoke exposures are an increasing threat to public health, highlighting the need for studying the effects of protective behaviours on reducing health outcomes. Emerging smartphone applications provide unprecedented opportunities to deliver health risk communication messages to a large number of individuals in real-time and subsequently study the effectiveness, but also pose methodological challenges. Smoke Sense, a citizen science project, provides an interactive smartphone app platform for participants to engage with information about air quality, and ways to record their own health symptoms and actions taken to reduce smoke exposure.

Joint modelling of survival and backwards recurrence outcomes: an analysis of factors associated with fertility treatment in the U.S.

The motivation for this paper is to determine factors associated with time-to-fertility treatment (TTFT) among women currently attempting pregnancy in a cross-sectional sample. Challenges arise due to dependence between time-to-pregnancy (TTP) and TTFT. We propose appending a marginal accelerated failure time model to identify risk factors of TTFT with a model for TTP where fertility treatment is included as a time-varying treatment to account for their dependence.

Walking fingerprinting.

We consider the problem of predicting an individual's identity from accelerometry data collected during walking. In a previous paper, we transformed the accelerometry time series into an image by constructing the joint distribution of the acceleration and lagged acceleration for a vector of lags. Predictors derived by partitioning this image into grid cells were used in logistic regression to predict individuals.

Comparative Effectiveness of Abaloparatide and Teriparatide in Women 50 Years of Age and Older: Update of a Real-World Retrospective Analysis.

Background: Abaloparatide and teriparatide are osteoanabolic treatments indicated for postmenopausal women and men with osteoporosis at high risk of fracture. In the Abaloparatide Comparator Trial In Vertebral Endpoints study, bone mineral density improvements were significantly greater with abaloparatide compared to teriparatide at the total hip and femoral neck. We conducted a retrospective claims study to examine the incidences of hip and nonvertebral fractures and cardiovascular events in women aged ≥50 years initiating abaloparatide or teriparatide therapy, expanding on a previous retrospective claims study.

Evaluating Social Determinants of Health-Based Alternatives to Race-Based Cognitive Normative Models.

Background And Objectives: Race and ethnicity are proxy measures of sociocultural factors that influence cognitive test performance. Our objective was to compare different regression-based cognitive normative models adjusting for demographics and different combinations of easily accessible/commonly used social determinants of health (SDoH) factors, which may help describe cognitive performance variability historically captured by ethnoracial differences.

Methods: We performed cross-sectional analyses on data from Black and White participants without mild cognitive impairment/dementia in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study who attended visit 5 in 2011-2013.

UK medical cannabis registry: A clinical outcome analysis of medical cannabis therapy in chronic pain patients with and without co-morbid sleep impairment.

Introduction: Chronic pain (CP) affects 35.0%-51.3% of the UK population, with 67%-88% reporting sleep disturbances.

Performance of an AI-powered visualization software platform for precision surgery in breast cancer patients.

Surgery remains the primary treatment modality in the management of early-stage invasive breast cancer. Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered visualization platforms offer the compelling potential to aid surgeons in evaluating the tumor's location and morphology within the breast and accordingly optimize their surgical approach. We sought to validate an AI platform that employs dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) to render three-dimensional (3D) representations of the tumor and 5 additional chest tissues, offering clear visualizations as well as functionalities for quantifying tumor morphology, tumor-to-landmark structure distances, excision volumes, and approximate surgical margins.

A self-amplifying RNA RSV prefusion-F vaccine elicits potent immunity in pre-exposed and naïve non-human primates.

Newly approved subunit and mRNA vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) demonstrate effectiveness in preventing severe disease, with protection exceeding 80% primarily through the generation of antibodies. An alternative vaccine platform called self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) holds promise in eliciting humoral and cellular immune responses. We evaluate the immunogenicity of a lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated saRNA vaccine called SMARRT.

Improving Diagnosis of Acute Cholecystitis with US: New Paradigms.

Acute cholecystitis is an inflammatory condition of the gallbladder typically incited by mechanical obstruction. Accurate diagnosis of this common clinical condition is challenging due to variable imaging appearances as well as overlapping clinical manifestations with biliary colic, acute hepatitis, pancreatitis, and cholangiopathies. In acute cholecystitis, increased dilatation and high intraluminal pressures lead to gallbladder inflammation and may progress to gangrenous changes, focal wall necrosis, and subsequent perforation.

Controlled molecule injector for cold, dense, and pure molecular beams at the European x-ray free-electron laser.

A permanently available molecular-beam injection setup for controlled molecules (COMO) was installed and commissioned at the small quantum systems (SQS) instrument at the European x-ray free-electron laser (EuXFEL). A b-type electrostatic deflector allows for pure state-, size-, and isomer-selected samples of polar molecules and clusters. The source provides a rotationally cold (T ≈ 1 K) and dense (ρ ≈ 108 cm-3) molecular beam with pulse durations up to 100 µs generated by a new version of the Even-Lavie valve.