Biological sex does not influence the peak cardiac output response to twelve weeks of sprint interval training.

Sprint interval training (SIT) increases peak oxygen uptake (V̇O) but the mechanistic basis is unclear. We have reported that 12 wk of SIT increased V̇O and peak cardiac output (Q̇) and the changes in these variables were correlated. An exploratory analysis suggested that Q̇ increased in males but not females.

Exploring Canadian Career Firefighters' Understanding of the Return-to-Work Process After Musculoskeletal Injuries.

Purpose: Firefighters perform dangerous and physically demanding work, increasing their risk of musculoskeletal injuries that can lead to work absences. Return-to-work procedures can help firefighters return-to-work sooner and safely. The purpose of this study was to explore what firefighters understand about return-to-work procedures in their workplaces, and what firefighters believe the facilitators and barriers to return-to-work are.

Reinforcement-based processes actively regulate motor exploration along redundant solution manifolds.

From a baby's babbling to a songbird practising a new tune, exploration is critical to motor learning. A hallmark of exploration is the emergence of random walk behaviour along solution manifolds, where successive motor actions are not independent but rather become serially dependent. Such exploratory random walk behaviour is ubiquitous across species' neural firing, gait patterns and reaching behaviour.

An elusive consensus definition of sarcopenia impedes research and clinical treatment: A narrative review.

The definition of sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass, has evolved since the term's inception and yet there is no consensus. Many of the identified definitions of sarcopenia centre their criteria around the loss of muscle mass, loss of function, and weakness. Common variables to various definitions of sarcopenia are appendicular lean soft tissue mass (often called muscle mass), grip strength, and gait speed.

Scoping review of the occurrence and characteristics of firefighter exercise and training injuries.

Objectives: To summarize the current research on the occurrence of firefighter exercise and training injuries and to describe the nature of these injuries.

Methods: Scoping review methods were used to identify articles and extract information relevant to firefighter exercise and training injuries. Relevant articles were identified from MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, and through hand-searching.

Statistical Inferences Using Effect Sizes in Human Endothelial Function Research.

Introduction: Magnitudes of change in endothelial function research can be articulated using effect size statistics. Effect sizes are commonly used in reference to Cohen's seminal guidelines of small ( = 0.2), medium ( = 0.

The recommendation for learners to be provided with control over their feedback schedule is questioned in a self-controlled learning paradigm.

Evidence that self-controlled feedback schedules are more effective for motor learning than yoked or predetermined schedules has been used to forward the recommendation that practitioners should provide choice to learners over when they would like to receive feedback. This recommendation can be questioned because the typical comparison groups in such experimentation do not well represent the applied setting. Consequently, comparison groups that better map onto the applied setting are needed.

Do Different Ascertainment Techniques Identify the Same Individuals as Sarcopenic in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging?

Background/objectives: Sarcopenia is associated with poor health outcomes such as disability, institutionalization, and mortality. Efforts to manage sarcopenia clinically have been hindered by challenges in determining how to ascertain sarcopenia status correctly. The objective of this project was to assess the agreement between the different methods of ascertaining sarcopenia recommended by expert groups.

Sensorimotor synchronization in patients with mechanical neck disorders.

: There lacks knowledge of how patients with chronic persisting mechanical neck disorder (cMND) coordinate their movements. : Analyze kinematic data from people with cMND by extracting vertical trajectories from 3D Qualisys data of the patients' hand. The time between metronome beat and bottle placement were cross-correlated to compare timing accuracy.

Examining the impact of error estimation on the effects of self-controlled feedback.

Two experiments were conducted that examined the motivational and informational perspectives concerning learning advantages from self-controlled practice. Three groups were tasked with learning a novel skill; self-controlled (SC), yoked traditional (YT), and yoked with error estimation required during the acquisition phase (YE). Results from the delayed learning measures showed the YE group performed better than the SC and YT groups, for Expt.

Effect of sex on the acute skeletal muscle response to sprint interval exercise.

What is the central question of this study? Are there sex-based differences in the acute skeletal muscle response to sprint interval training (SIT)? What is the main finding and its importance? In response to a SIT protocol that involved three 20 s bouts of 'all-out' cycling, the expression of multiple genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, metabolic control and structural remodelling was largely similar between men and women matched for fitness. Our findings cannot explain previous reports of sex-based differences in the adaptive response to SIT and suggest that the mechanistic basis for these differences remains to be elucidated. A few studies have reported sex-based differences in response to several weeks of sprint interval training (SIT).

Lean muscle volume of the thigh has a stronger relationship with muscle power than muscle strength in women with knee osteoarthritis.

Background: Thigh lean muscle and intramuscular fat have been implicated in the impairment of physical function observed in people with knee osteoarthritis. We investigated the relationships of quadriceps and hamstrings intramuscular fat fraction and lean muscle volume with muscle power and strength, controlling for neuromuscular activation, and physical performance in women with knee OA.

Methods: Women (n=20) 55years or older with symptomatic, radiographic knee osteoarthritis underwent a 3.

Manual aiming in healthy aging: does proprioceptive acuity make the difference?

The present study examines whether non-active older adults are more dependent on visual information when executing aiming movements and whether age-related declines in proprioception play a mediating role herein. Young (N = 40) and older adults (N = 38) were divided into physically active and non-active subgroups based on self-reported sports participation levels. In experiment 1, participants executed wrist-aiming movements with and without visual feedback.

A modified version of the three-compartment model to predict fatigue during submaximal tasks with complex force-time histories.

Unlabelled: The three-compartment model (3CM) was validated previously for prediction of endurance times by modifying its fatigue and recovery rates. However, endurance times do not typically represent work demands, and it is unknown if the current version of the 3CM is applicable for ergonomics analysis of all occupational tasks. The purpose of this study was to add biological fidelity to the 3CM, and validate the model against a series of submaximal force plateaus.

Effect of exercise on cigarette cravings and ad libitum smoking following concurrent stressors.

The health consequences of smoking are well documented, yet quit rates are modest. While exercise has supported decreased cravings and withdrawal symptoms in temporarily abstinent smokers, it has yet to be applied when smokers are experiencing concurrent stressors. This study examined the effect of an acute bout of moderate intensity exercise on cravings (primary outcome) and ad libitum smoking (secondary outcome) following concurrent stressors (i.

Changing minds, changing lives from the top down: an investigation of the dissemination and adoption of a Canada-wide educational intervention to enhance health care professionals' intentions to prescribe physical activity.

Purpose: The purposes of the current study were to (1) describe the restructuring and dissemination of a Canada-wide intervention curriculum designed to enhance health care professionals' prescription of physical activity to patients with physical disabilities, and (2) examine interventionists' social cognitions for, and their acceptance and adoption of, the new curriculum.

Methods: A participatory curriculum development process was utilized, resulting in a theory- and evidence-based curriculum. Interventionists (N = 28) were trained in curriculum delivery and most (n = 22) completed measures of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) constructs assessing their cognitions for delivering the new curriculum at pre- and post-training and at 6-month follow-up.

High-intensity interval exercise induces 24-h energy expenditure similar to traditional endurance exercise despite reduced time commitment.

Subjects performed high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous moderate-intensity training (END) to evaluate 24-h oxygen consumption. Oxygen consumption during HIIT was lower versus END; however, total oxygen consumption over 24 h was similar. These data demonstrate that HIIT and END induce similar 24-h energy expenditure, which may explain the comparable changes in body composition reported despite lower total training volume and time commitment.

'Changing minds': determining the effectiveness and key ingredients of an educational intervention to enhance healthcare professionals' intentions to prescribe physical activity to patients with physical disabilities.

Background: Healthcare professionals (HCPs) are vital conduits of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) information; however, few discuss LTPA with their patients with disabilities. 'Changing Minds, Changing Lives' (CMCL) is a nationwide, theory- and evidence-based seminar aimed at increasing LTPA-discussion among HCPs by enhancing their attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control (PBC), and intentions. The purposes of the current study were to: examine the effectiveness and short- and long-term maintenance of a CMCL seminar on HCPs' social cognitions to discuss LTPA; and explore key implementation variables that predict changes in HCPs' social cognitions.

Peer-delivered physical activity interventions: an overlooked opportunity for physical activity promotion.

The purpose of this systematic review was to catalogue and synthesize published studies that have examined the effects of peer-delivered physical activity interventions on physical activity behavior. Ten published studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. The following information was extracted from each study: study design and duration; characteristics of the sample, peers, and interventions; and physical activity outcomes.

A case study of a community-university multidisciplinary partnership approach to increasing physical activity participation among people with spinal cord injury.

Over the past decade, increasing emphasis has been placed on the importance of health behavior change research being conducted in partnership with the beneficiaries of the intended research outcomes. Although such an approach should enhance the relevance of the research and the uptake of findings, it raises challenges regarding how best to cultivate and sustain meaningful partnerships to accomplish these goals. In this paper, we provide a case study of SCI Action Canada-a multidisciplinary team partnership approach to increasing physical activity among adults with spinal cord injuries.

Heart rate recovery and heart rate variability are unchanged in patients with coronary artery disease following 12 weeks of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity endurance exercise training.

Decreased heart rate variability and attenuated heart rate recovery following exercise are associated with an increased risk of mortality in cardiac patients. This study investigated the effects of 12 weeks of moderate-intensity endurance exercise (END) and a novel low-volume high-intensity interval exercise protocol (HIT) on measures of heart rate recovery and heart rate variability in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Fourteen males with CAD participated in 12 weeks of END or HIT training, each consisting of 2 supervised exercise sessions per week.

Acute endurance exercise increases the nuclear abundance of PGC-1alpha in trained human skeletal muscle.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC-1alpha) is a transcriptional coactivator that plays a key role in coordinating mitochondrial biogenesis. Recent evidence has linked p38 MAPK and AMPK with activation of PGC-1alpha. It was recently shown in rodent skeletal muscle that acute endurance exercise causes a shift in the subcellular localization of PGC-1alpha from the cytosol to the nucleus, allowing PGC-1alpha to coactivate transcription factors and increase mitochondrial gene expression, but human data are limited and equivocal in this regard.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and the satellite cell response following muscle lengthening contractions in humans.

The time-courses of satellite cell (SC) activation and protein expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), HGF activator (HGFA), HGFA inhibitor-1 (HAI-1), and HGFA inhibitor-2 (HAI-2) in human skeletal muscle, as well as serum HGF following a single bout of muscle lengthening contractions, were determined. Eight recreationally active participants were recruited for the study. Subjects performed 300 lengthening contractions involving the quadriceps femoris muscles of a single leg at a fixed velocity of 180 degrees/s.

How do individuals with autism plan their movements?

Two experiments investigated how persons with and without autism plan manual aiming movements when advance information is direct and when strategic planning is required. In Experiment 1 advance information about hand, direction, and/or movement amplitude was manipulated. Reaction times suggested both groups adopted a hierarchical pattern of movement planning.

Endothelial function of young healthy males following whole body resistance training.

Given the increasing emphasis on performance of resistance exercise as an essential component of health, we evaluated, using a prospective longitudinal design, the potential for resistance training to affect arterial endothelial function. Twenty-eight men (23 +/- 3.9 yr old; mean +/- SE) engaged in 12 wk of whole body resistance training five times per week using a repeating split-body 3-day cycle.