Changes in the use of nicotine-containing products during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in a representative sample of the Italian adult population.

Introduction: To assess nicotine-containing products (NCPs; heated tobacco products and/or electronic cigarettes) use in relation to conventional smoking.

Methods: "LOST IN ITALY" ("LOckdown and Lifestyles IN ITALY") and "LOST IN TOSCANA" cross-sectional surveys estimated lifestyles changes before, during, and after the lockdown in a representative sample of the Italian population. A Poisson regression model was used to estimate prevalence ratios of NCP use according to socio-demographic, mental distress, and smoking variables.

Role of the chest radiograph in the preoperative assessment of the pulmonary function in patients with cirrhosis candidates to liver transplant.

Purpose: To appraise the role of chest radiography (CXR) in the clinical assessment of pulmonary complications occurring as a result of liver disease of any cause, a standardised reading of CXR was compared both with the results of lung function studies and with the severity of liver disease in 60 consecutive patients with cirrhosis candidates to liver transplant.

Materials And Methods: CXR were scored for signs of cardiomegaly, enlargement of central and or peripheral vessels, hyperkinetic circulatory and/or intravascular volume states, abnormally increased interstitial lung markings, and pleural effusion by three independent observers.

Results: The CXR score of this complete vascular-interstitial deficiency showed a high interobserver reproducibility and was significantly increased in those patients with a more decompensated liver cirrhosis.