Position paper on olfactory dysfunction: 2023.

Background: Since publication of the original Position Paper on Olfactory Dysfunction in 2017 (PPOD-17), the personal and societal burden of olfactory disorders has come sharply into focus through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinicians, scientists and the public are now more aware of the importance of olfaction, and the impact of its dysfunction on quality of life, nutrition, social relationships and mental health. Accordingly, new basic, translational and clinical research has resulted in significant progress since the PPOD-17.

THE EXPRESSION OF STEM CELL MARKERS (CD133, NESTIN, OCT4, SOX2) IN INVASIVE PITUITARY ADENOMAS.

Introduction: The pituitary gland serves as the center of the endocrine system. Stem cells are typically found in a specialized microenvironment of the tissue, called the niche, which regulates their maintenance, self-renewal, fate determination, and reaction to external influences. The aim of this study is to elucidate the role of stem cells in the initiation, invasion, and progression of pituitary adenomas.

Bilateral Talus and Navicular Fractures accompanied with Unilateral Calcaneal Fracture: A Case Report.

An 18-year old male patient, with a history of paragliding accident, sustaining a coronal shear fracture of the body of the talus, an anterior process fracture of the calcaneus extending to the calcaneocuboid joint and a nondisplaced navicular body fracture at the right foot and a displaced fracture of the navicular body accompanied with posteromedial process fracture of the talus at the left side was referred to our emergency clinic. For the right foot, the coronal plane fracture of the talar body was anatomically reduced and fixed with screws. For the left foot, screw fixation was performed through the lateral aspect to fix the large posteromedial fragment.

Evidence for the need for vision screening of school children in Turkey.

Background: In many countries, access to general health and eye care is related to an individual's socioeconomic status (SES). We aimed to examine the prevalence of oculo-visual disorders in children in Istanbul Turkey, drawn from schools at SES extremes but geographically nearby.

Methods: Three school-based vision screenings (presenting distance visual acuity, cover test, eye assessment history, colour vision, gross stereopsis and non-cycloplegic autorefraction) were conducted on 81% of a potential 1014 primary-school children aged 4-10 years from two private (high SES) schools and a nearby government (low SES) school in central Istanbul.

Sialendoscopic Pneumatic Lithotripsy for Salivary Calculi: A New Technique and a Long-term Clinical Experience.

We report our results comprising a series of 34 cases of sialolithiasis that were approached sialendoscopically with conventional instruments (ie, basket and/or forceps) and for which stone removal was unsuccessful and so were thereafter treated with pneumatic lithotripsy. Intraductal pneumatic lithotripsy was able to fragment 30 of 34 (88%) salivary calculi in total. No major complications occurred.

Position paper on olfactory dysfunction.

Background: Olfactory dysfunction is an increasingly recognised condition, associated with reduced quality of life and major health outcomes such as neurodegeneration and death. However, translational research in this field is limited by heterogeneity in methodological approach, including definitions of impairment, improvement and appropriate assessment techniques. Accordingly, effective treatments for smell loss are limited.

Olfactory and gustatory functions in patients with non-complicated type 1 diabetes mellitus.

The aim of this study was to evaluate any possible relationship between diabetic state and olfactory and gustatory functions in patients with non-complicated diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1D), and also to present evidence of the association between olfactory and gustatory scores and HbA1c values and disease durations. The study included 39 patients with non-complicated T1D and 31 healthy controls. Clinical characteristics such as age, gender, duration of disease, education levels and biochemical analyses (fasting blood glucose, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), triglyceride, HbA1c, C-peptide, postprandial blood glucose) were measured.

An objective assessment of halitosis in children with adenoid vegetation during pre- and post-operative period.

Objectives: Although most specialists in otorhinolaryngology and pediatrics find halitosis to be a common problem in children with adenoid hypertrophy, there are no objective data on this topic in the literature. Whether adenoid hypertrophy is a risk factor for halitosis or whether halitosis is a sign of adenoid hypertrophy remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether children diagnosed with adenoid hypertrophy have a higher probability of halitosis than do children in the normal population and whether adenoidectomy can decrease oral malodor.

Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy Improves Olfaction and Taste Sensitivity in Primary Hypothyroid Patients: A Prospective Randomised Clinical Trial.

Smell and taste are known to be influenced by thyroid function changes. However, many hypothyroid patients and physicians are unaware of their dysosmia and dysgeusia. The present study was performed to shed more light on the relation between hypothyroidism and olfactory loss.

Olfactory functions in patients with psoriasis vulgaris: correlations with the severity of the disease.

It is well known that psoriasis is not only limited to skin, but a systemic autoimmune disease with various comorbidities. Olfactory dysfunction, one of as a common but lesser known symptom of patients with autoimmune diseases, often presents with smell loss. The aim of this study was to assess the olfactory functions in patients with psoriasis and to compare with healthy controls.

Evaluation of halitosis using OralChroma™ in patients with allergic rhinitis.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of halitosis in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR).

Materials And Methods: In this study, we enrolled 53 patients with AR and 34 participants as controls. Halitosis was evaluated by measuring volatile sulphur compound (VSC) levels.

Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Has Negative Effects on Taste and Smell Functions.

Objective: We evaluated the halimetric, olfactory, and taste functions of patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR).

Study Design: Prospective clinical study.

Setting: Multicenter tertiary care hospital.

Olfactory and Gustatory Functions after Anterior Palatoplasty in Patients with Primary Snoring.

Objective: In this study, we investigated the chemical senses (namely, olfaction), the 4 basic tastes, and umami taste in patients who underwent anterior palatoplasty (AP) for primary snoring.

Study Design: Prospective clinical study.

Setting: Multicenter, tertiary care hospitals.

Halitosis associated volatile sulphur compound levels in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux.

Previous reports have suggested that laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) may cause halitosis. However, it remains unclear if LPR is a risk factor for halitosis. The aim of this study was to investigate if patients diagnosed with LPR have an increased probability of halitosis compared to a normal population.

Chemical Senses in Cancer Patients.

Background: Cancer and its treatment therapies, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, have negative effects on taste and smell functions. It is easy to explain smell and taste dysfunctions when a cancer involves the peripheric end organs or neurologic pathways of smell and taste. However, it is difficult to understand how distortion in sensory perception develops as cancer progresses and cancer therapies are applied, because few studies on this subject have described heterogeneous oncological patient populations who are receiving different treatment regimens.

Total knee arthroplasty after osseous ankylosis of the knee joint.

Objective: A knee fusion is associated with considerable restrictions, including the inability to sit properly, use public transportation, and climb stairs. The purpose of this study is to report and discuss our cases of spontaneous ankylosed knees which were taken down and underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Methods: Six patients who experienced spontaneous ankylosis of the knee undergoing conversion to TKA between 2003-2012 were enrolled retrospectively in this study.

Cross-culturally modified University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test for a Turkish population.

Background: The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) is a well-developed and popular olfactory test, which has been validated in various populations. However, there was only one study in a Turkish population, and this study indicated that the North American version of the UPSIT was not enough to evaluate the olfactory functions of Turkish population. So, we developed a cross-cultural adaptation of the UPSIT, the UPSIT-Turkish (UPSIT-T).

Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in Myasthenia gravis: A study in Turkish patients.

Objective: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is commonly viewed as a muscle disorder. Less is known about neurosensory function and dysfunction in MG. We aim to evaluate olfactory and gustatory behavior in Turkish patients with MG, and compare these results with age and sex-matched healthy controls.

Modified olfactory training in patients with postinfectious olfactory loss.

Objectives/hypothesis: Patients with olfactory dysfunction benefit from repeated exposure to odors, so-called olfactory training (OT). This does not mean occasional smelling but the structured sniffing of a defined set of odors, twice daily, for a period of 4 months or longer. In this prospective study, we investigated whether the effect of OT might increase through the use of more odors and extension of the training period.

A novel method for nasal dorsal reconstruction: permanent fixation using Kirschner wire-guided hidden sutures.

Background: In this study, we aimed to present a novel application and use of Kirschner wire-guided suturing that is less invasive and allows permanent fixation for nasal dorsal reconstruction.

Methods: A total of 23 patients, who underwent surgery between 2009 and 2013, were included in this study: 19 with saddle nose deformity and 4 patients with keystone area damage, or collapse of the dorsal nasal support during primary septoplasty or rhinoplasty. The patients were asked to fill out a nasal obstruction symptom evaluation (NOSE) scale preoperatively and at the postoperative sixth month to assess breathing quality.

The correlation between glaucomatous visual field loss and vision-related quality of life.

Purpose: To evaluate the vision-related quality of life (QoL) of glaucoma patients in terms of the correlation between visual field (VF) loss and National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire-39 (NEI VFQ-39) survey.

Materials And Methods: A total of 244 glaucoma patients were examined with monocular Humphrey 24-2 central full threshold and Esterman binocular VF tests. Patients were grouped according to their monocular VFs done by Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) classification and Esterman binocular VF efficiency scores.

A Study on Olfactory Dysfunction in Turkish Population with using Survey Method and Validated Olfactory Testing.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of olfactory dysfunction on quality of life (QOL), and to investigate olfactory dysfunction related self-reported clinical features in Turkish population. The participants were questioned about the presence of any olfactory dysfunction. Participants with a complaint of olfactory dysfunction were asked to fill out a survey and then a validated olfactory test was performed.