Motor preparation tracks decision boundary crossing rather than accumulated evidence in temporal decision-making.

Interval timing, the ability of animals to estimate the passage of time, is thought to involve diverse neural processes rather than a single central "clock" (Paton & Buonomano, 2018). Each of the different processes engaged in interval timing follows a different dynamic path, according to its specific function. For example, attention tracks anticipated events, such as offsets of intervals (Rohenkohl & Nobre, 2011), while motor processes control the timing of the behavioral output (De Lafuente et al.

Cardiovascular Health, Lifestyle Factors, and Social Determinants Among Hispanic or Latino Adults in the United States.

Background: Among Hispanic/Latino subgroups residing in the US, disparities in cardiovascular health status remain largely uncharacterized.

Methods: This national study used the National Health Interview Survey to assess the burden of cardiometabolic risk factors (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, diabetes) and cardiovascular diseases (history of heart attack, coronary heart disease, angina, stroke) across Hispanic/Latino subgroups (Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Central/South American), and the extent to which differences are related to lifestyle factors (physical inactivity, smoking, and alcohol consumption) and/or social determinants of health (income, education, food security, and health insurance status).

Results: The weighted study population included 35,549,841 Hispanic/Latino adults (26,008 respondents).

Polarity-guided uneven mitotic divisions control brassinosteroid activity in proliferating plant root cells.

Brassinosteroid hormones are positive regulators of plant organ growth, yet their function in proliferating tissues remains unclear. Here, through integrating single-cell RNA sequencing with long-term live-cell imaging of the Arabidopsis root, we reveal that brassinosteroid activity fluctuates throughout the cell cycle, decreasing during mitotic divisions and increasing during the G1 phase. The post-mitotic recovery of brassinosteroid activity is driven by the intrinsic polarity of the mother cell, resulting in one daughter cell with enhanced brassinosteroid signaling, while the other supports brassinosteroid biosynthesis.

Retrieval-Augmented Generation: Advancing personalized care and research in oncology.

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pairs large language models (LLMs) with recent data to produce more accurate, context-aware outputs. By converting text into numeric embeddings, RAG locates and retrieves relevant "chunks" of data, that along with the query, ground the model's responses in current, specific information. This process helps reduce outdated or fabricated answers.

MULTIMODAL IMAGING IN DEFEROXAMINE-RELATED OCULAR TOXICITY: RAPID DEVELOPMENT DUE TO SUPRATHERPEUTIC DOSING AND PROGRESSION DESPITE DOSE REDUCTION.

Purpose: To characterize evolution of deferoxamine-related retinal toxicity in a patient exposed to supratherapeutic doses of deferoxamine and progression despite dose reduction and cessation.

Methods: Observational clinical case Report.

Results: A 59-year-old female with history of beta thalassemia requiring biweekly blood transfusions developed peripheral visual field loss and nyctalopia after taking supratherapeutic dosage of deferoxamine.

CNM-Au8 in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: The HEALEY ALS Platform Trial.

Importance: Bioenergetic failure has been proposed as a driver of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). CNM-Au8 is a suspension of gold nanocrystals that catalyzes the conversion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride into NAD+, resulting in an increase of cellular adenosine triphosphate production.

Objective: To determine the effects of CNM-Au8 on ALS disease progression.

Pridopidine in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: The HEALEY ALS Platform Trial.

Importance: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease. The sigma-1 (σ1) receptor emerged as a target for intervention.

Objective: To determine the effects of pridopidine, a σ1-receptor agonist, in ALS.

Verdiperstat in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Results From the Randomized HEALEY ALS Platform Trial.

Importance: Myeloperoxidase is one of the most abundant peroxidase enzymes in activated myeloid cells. Myeloperoxidase inhibitors may have a clinical benefit in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by slowing neurodegeneration via reduced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.

Objective: To determine the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of verdiperstat, a selective myeloperoxidase inhibitor, in ALS.

Arrays of nano-light-mixers for enhanced broadband and omnidirectional absorption of solar radiation for solar energy technologies.

Broadband and omnidirectional absorption is the first requirement for any solar energy harvesting technology. For example, the realization of silicon thin-film photovoltaics is hampered by the low absorption coefficient of silicon. This work introduces a nano-light-mixer (NLM) array to address this hurdle.

Unveiling Preferences in Closed Communities: Development of a Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) Questionnaire to Elicit Ultra-Orthodox Women Preferences for Video Consultations in Primary Care.

Background: Video consultations in primary care settings demonstrate substantial benefits, including improved accessibility, reduced waiting times, and enhanced health management. These services could particularly benefit ultra-Orthodox women in Israel, who typically manage large families and face unique healthcare access challenges as primary caregivers. However, eliciting preferences within this closed religious community presents distinct methodological challenges because of cultural sensitivities and religious restrictions regarding technology use.

Meta genetic analysis of melon sweetness.

Through meta-genetic analysis of Cucumis melo sweetness, we expand the description of the complex genetic architecture of this trait. Integration of extensive new results with published QTL data provides an outline towards construction of a melon sweetness pan-QTLome. An ultimate objective in crop genetics is describing the complete repertoire of genes and alleles that shape the phenotypic variation of a quantitative trait within a species.

Geographic patterns of functional and phylogenetic niche breadth in Holarctic fleas (Siphonaptera).

We studied geographic patterns of functional and phylogenetic niche breadth of 194 flea species. Niche breadth was measured as the functional and phylogenetic diversity and uniqueness of the assemblages of small mammal hosts exploited by these fleas.We asked (a) whether the relationships between niche breadth and geographic range size conform to the 'niche breadth hypothesis', predicting positive correlations, and (b) whether variation of niche breadth along the latitudinal position of geographic range conforms to the 'niche breadth-latitude hypothesis', predicting narrower niche breadth at lower latitudes.

UV-ozone surface pretreatment for high quality ALD-grown ultrathin coatings on bismuth oxyhalide photocatalysts.

The growth of ultrathin layers of oxides by atomic layer deposition (ALD) is well documented for oxide substrates such as SiO, BiO, AlO, in which oxygen is the only negatively charged atom. In contrast, the knowledge regarding ALD growth on substrates containing other negatively charged atoms, such as halogens, is quite limited. The commonly used bismuth oxyhalide (BiOX) family of materials are characterised by a low density of surface hydroxyls, required for the initiation of thermal ALD growth of oxides, thus hampering the ability to grow ultrathin layers of oxides on their surface.

Decoding Double Layer Dynamics for CO2 Electroreduction over Cu.

Understanding of the nature and role of the electric double layer (EDL) at electrocatalytic interfaces is critical to optimizing electrochemical processes such as the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). Despite its postulated influence on CO2RR activity, direct spectroscopic evidence of the complex interplay between EDL structure and reaction kinetics remains elusive. Here, we introduce Dynamic Response Spectroscopy (DRS), a novel approach that isolates spectroscopic signatures of key physicochemical features of the EDL, including the compact (interfacial) layer and the diffuse double layer based on their time-variance profiles.

Quantitative Microbial Cell-Free DNA Sequencing from Plasma: A Potential Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Staphylococcal Infection of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) is often associated with infective endocarditis (CIED-IE). The CIED-IE diagnosis is syndromic. Diagnostic uncertainty is common.

Effectiveness of prehospital chest decompression in resolving clinical signs of tension pneumothorax.

Background: Thoracic injuries are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in military trauma. Tension pneumothorax (TPX) is a critical diagnosis that can lead to rapid hemodynamic and respiratory collapse if untreated. While timely intervention is essential, prehospital TPX diagnosis is challenging and may lead to unnecessary interventions.

Sensing Dog Brain Reactions to Smell by AI Speckle Pattern Analysis.

Investigation of a dog's brain activity related to their outstanding olfactory capabilities has been a topic of interest among researchers. For this specific study, we identified three areas of the brain that have been shown in previous studies to be relevant during the process of smell discrimination in dogs: the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and amygdala. We set up a detection structure system based on laser and a camera to capture speckle patterns on the three regions in four dog breeds for smell stimuli: garlic, menthol, alcohol, and marijuana.

Definitions, Diagnosis and Management of Postoperative Recurrence in Crohn's Disease Patients with Permanent Ileostomy - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background And Aims: Over 10% of patients with Crohn's disease require permanent ileostomy. We aimed to summarize the existing data on diagnosis, definitions of recurrence, and management of Crohn's disease patients with permanent ileostomy.

Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL databases were searched from inception to February 6, 2024.

Hydrogel and scalp/skin conductivities impact dose from tumor treating fields.

Purpose: Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) are delivered by transducer arrays applied to scalp or body surface for treatment of multiple malignancies. Dermatologic complications are thought to be related to hydrogel situated between the electrodes and scalp or skin to facilitate electric field penetration. High intensity of TTFields on these surfaces may also be a contributing factor.

Trends in Indicators of Violence Among Adolescents in Europe and North America 1994-2022.

Objectives: To describe age and gender specific time trends in adolescent violence across 19 countries over 28 years.

Methods: The paper presents analysis of eight cycles of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) Study from 1994-2022, involving 789,531 children aged 11, 13, and 15. Indicators of violence included physical fighting, school bullying and cyberbullying (from 2018).

Cumulative life course impairment: Evidence for hidradenitis suppurativa.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) adversely affects quality of life, education, work, relationships and mental health. The debilitating effects of HS can compound over a patient's lifetime and have lasting repercussions. The cumulative life course impairment (CLCI) model analyses the disease factors that could affect the life course trajectory of a patient, including effects on major life decisions and opportunities, such as relationships, career path, education and starting a family.

Topotactic Growth of Zintl Phase EuInAs Nanowires with Antiferromagnetic Behavior.

We demonstrate a topotactic transformation of zincblende InAs(Sb) nanowires into the Zintl phase EuInAs through a vapor-solid mutual exchange process involving Eu and In in molecular beam epitaxy. This conversion preserves the polyhedral coordination lattice of the parent InAs(Sb) structure while inducing orthorhombic symmetry in the product phase, EuInAs, of which quasi-one-dimensional [InAs] chains with tetrahedral sites align along the ⟨110⟩ direction of zincblende structure. Local and global magnetic characterization identified two distinct antiferromagnetic phase transitions at approximately 7 and 16 K in EuInAs nanowires, potentially classified as altermagnetic phases.

Ethnic disparities in STEMI outcomes among older adults: a comparative study of bedouins and jews.

Background: ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) is a critical condition, especially in the older population, who are at increased risk due to comorbidities and delayed diagnosis. This study aimed to investigate the impact of ethnicity on the clinical characteristics, treatment timelines, and outcomes of older patients with STEMI in southern Israel, comparing Jewish and Bedouin populations.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at Soroka University Medical Center from 2016 to 2022, including older patients (≥ 65 years) diagnosed with STEMI.