combined with L858R mutation reduced afatinib sensitivity and associated to early recurrence in lung cancer.

Background: The third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) osimertinib is widely used as a first-line treatment for -mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there is no established treatment for osimertinib resistance, so second-generation afatinib is an alternative treatment option. The purpose of this study was to elucidate gene alterations associated with afatinib efficacy and resistance by analyzing cell-free DNA (cfDNA) obtained from patients with -mutated NSCLC.

Prevalence and causes of subacute cough in Japan.

Background: Subacute cough is subdivided and distinguished from chronic cough, because post-infectious cough is considered to be the main cause of subacute cough and differs from acute and chronic cough. However, the details of the spectrum and frequency of causes of subacute cough remain unclear because only two studies on subacute cough have been published.

Methods: Patients who presented with cough that lasted for 3-8 weeks and visited respiratory clinics or hospitals affiliated with the Japan Cough Society during 2 years were studied.

Guidelines for the management of pulmonary nodules detected by low-dose CT lung cancer screening 6th edition: compiled by the Japanese Society of CT Screening.

Objective: The aim of this special report is to describe the 6th edition of "The Guidelines for the Management of Pulmonary Nodules Detected by Low-Dose CT Lung Cancer Screening ".

Methods: Since the 5th edition six years ago, a review of the literature and consideration of consistency with new evidence led to the revision of the 6th edition.

Results: The main revisions in the 6th edition can be summarized as follows: 1) addition of the section "Recommendations for Low-Dose CT Lung Cancer Screening in Japan"; 2) change in the recommended solid component diameter, and follow-up interval for nodules with a total mean diameter of less than 15 mm and a solid component diameter of less than 8 mm; 3) replacement of the recommended case images; and 4) introduction of the criteria of the Lung Cancer CT Screening Certification Organization.

Comparison of outcomes between surgery and chemoradiotherapy after endoscopic resection for pT1a-MM with lymphovascular invasion or pT1b esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Japanese multicenter propensity score-matched study.

Background: Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) or pT1b is noncurative after endoscopic resection (ER) for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and therefore surgery or chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is recommended. However, there has been debate regarding which treatment has better outcomes and whether individual risks should be considered.

Methods: This was a multicenter, retrospective study conducted at 65 hospitals in Japan.

Efficacy of liposomal irinotecan + 5-FU/LV vs. S-1 in gemcitabine-refractory metastatic pancreatic cancer: a real-world study using inverse probability of treatment weighting.

Background: S-1 monotherapy had previously been widely used as a second-line treatment for pancreatic cancer (PC) after gemcitabine-based chemotherapy mainly in Japan. Based on the results of the NAPOLI-1 trial, the recommended second-line therapy is now liposomal irinotecan plus fluorouracil/folinic acid (nal-IRI + 5-FU/LV). However, there have been no studies comparing nal-IRI + 5-FU/LV therapy with S-1 monotherapy.

Comprehensive genomic profiling for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in clinical practice.

Aim: Although several therapeutic agents show efficacy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), biomarkers such as comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) for the selection of second-line treatments after immunotherapy have not been established. We evaluated the value of CGP for the treatment decision in patients with HCC.

Methods: We retrospectively studied 52 patients with advanced HCC who received CGP tests at three tertiary hospitals between February 2022 and November 2023.

Usefulness of Nutritional Assessment Indicators in Predicting Treatment Discontinuation Due to Adverse Events from PARP Inhibitors in Ovarian Cancer Patients.

Background: Nutritional status is an important factor influencing toxicity of treatment. Nutritional assessment indicators such as the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI), Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score and modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS) have been reported to be associated with treatment-related adverse events (AEs) for various malignancies. However, there are no reports investigating the relationship between nutritional status and AEs from poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi), which are widely used in recent years as maintenance therapy for ovarian cancer.

Radiation Exposure with Self-Expandable Metallic Stent versus Transanal Decompression Tube for Malignant Colorectal Obstruction: A Post Hoc Propensity Score Matched Analysis.

Although several reports have compared the outcomes of self-expandable metallic stent (SEMSs) and transanal decompression tube (TDT) placement for malignant colorectal obstruction (MCO), few studies have compared the radiation exposure (RE) associated with these two procedures. Consequently, we aimed to compare the RE of SEMS and TDT placements for MCO using propensity score matching (PSM) in a multi-center, prospective observational study. This study investigated the clinical data of 236 patients who underwent SEMS or TDT placement.

Dose modification in enzalutamide and abiraterone plus prednisolone for castration-resistant prostate cancer: A subanalysis from the ENABLE study for PCa.

Background: A head-to-head comparison between enzalutamide (ENZ) and abiraterone plus prednisolone (ABI) revealed similar survival benefits for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in the ENABLE study for PCa. Considering that a dose reduction of ENZ and ABI has demonstrated sufficient inhibitory ability of androgen receptor (AR) signaling, we analyzed the efficacy of modified doses of these agents in the ENABLE study for PCa.

Methods: This investigator-initiated, multicenter, randomized controlled trial that was conducted in Japan analyzed the prespecified survival endpoints, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rate ( ≥50% decline from baseline), and safety profile in patients treated with modified doses (ENZ ≤ 120 mg/day, ABI ≤ 750 mg/day) compared with those treated with a standard dose (ENZ 160 mg/day, ABI 1000 mg/day) as a starting dose.

Prospective therapeutic studies of disseminated extranodal large B-cell lymphoma including intravascular large B-cell lymphoma.

This study aimed to establish a standard treatment for disseminated extranodal large B-cell lymphoma, including intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (DEN-LBCL/IVL), and to validate the clinical diagnostic criteria we proposed. Between 2006 and 2016, 22 patients were enrolled in a clinical trial conducted by the Hokuriku Hematology Oncology Study Group. The first cycle of chemotherapy consisted of dose-reduced cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (CHOP) with delayed administration of rituximab.

Real-world treatment costs of first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a survey of the JCOG colorectal cancer study group.

Background: Although treatment outcomes for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) have dramatically improved over the past few decades, drug costs have also significantly increased. This study aimed to investigate which first-line treatment regimens for mCRC are actually used (frequency) in Japanese practice and at what cost.

Methods: We collected data on patients with mCRC who received first-line treatment at 37 institutions of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group Colorectal Cancer Study Group from July 2021 to June 2022, and calculated the cost of regimens.

Real-world outcomes of FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: the JSCCR-TRIPON study.

Background: FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab is a standard first-line chemotherapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, due to the severe toxicities, this regimen is not widely used. There is limited data on the real-world efficacy and safety.

Simultaneous Osteosynthesis and Distal Femoral Osteotomy in a Patient With Distal Femoral Fracture Combined With Valgus Knee Deformity: A Case Report.

Distal femoral fractures are commonly treated with osteosynthesis. However, in older patients with osteoarthritis of the knee, acute primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) may be performed to treat these fractures. Notably, no studies have documented the use of osteosynthesis in combination with distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) for treating distal femoral fractures in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

Outcomes of noncurative endoscopic submucosal dissection for T1 colorectal cancer: Prospective, multicenter, cohort study in Japan.

Objectives: This study investigated the incidence of lymph node metastasis and long-term outcomes in patients with T1 colorectal cancer where endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) resulted in noncurative treatment. It is focused on those with deep submucosal invasion, a factor considered a weak predictor of lymph node metastasis in the absence of other risk factors.

Methods: This nationwide, multicenter, prospective study conducted a post-hoc analysis of 141 patients with T1 colorectal cancer ≥20 mm where ESD of the lesion resulted in noncurative outcomes, characterized by poor differentiation, deep submucosal invasion (≥1000 μm), lymphovascular invasion, high-grade tumor budding, or positive vertical margins.

Sustained improvements in patient-reported outcomes after long-term sutimlimab in patients with cold agglutinin disease: results from the CADENZA study open-label extension.

Background: Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) is a rare subtype of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia characterised by classical complement pathway-mediated haemolysis, fatigue, and poor quality of life (QoL). Sutimlimab, a C1s inhibitor, rapidly halted haemolysis, and improved patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in patients with CAD in two phase 3 trials (CARDINAL and CADENZA). Here we report PROs from the CADENZA open-label extension (Part B).