Attitudes Toward and Susceptibility to Doping in Spanish Elite and National-Standard Track and Field Athletes: An Examination of the Sport Drug Control Model.

The Sport Drug Control Model (SDCM) is likely to be the model which most explicitly represents the theoretical paradigm of the psychological study of the use of doping in sport. This model can be further developed through its analysis in different populations and cultures. The main aim of this study was to empirically test the SDCM while analyzing for the first time the intentions and attitudes toward doping in Spanish track and field athletes.

Socio-Emotional Skills in Adolescence. Influence of Personal and Extracurricular Variables.

Social-emotional skills have been an important object of study in recent years due to their relationship with academic, personal and professional success. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between these skills and different influential variables. The participants had a mean age of 14.

Habits and Psychological Factors Associated With Changes in Physical Activity Due to COVID-19 Confinement.

The confinement that COVID-19 has brought about has had a negative influence on people's psychological health. However, this impact is not widespread throughout the population, and men and women may be affected differently and it is not known what protective factors may exist. In this sense, physical activity has classically been shown to be a habit associated with psychological health.

Injury prevention of hamstring injuries through exercise interventions.

Introduction: Hamstring injuries are the most prevalent time-loss injuries in sport, mainly in those modalities characterized by high-intensity and short-term actions, especially accelerations and decelerations during high-speed running. Expanding the knowledge about this type of injury and its preventive programs could be a key strategy to reduce the hamstring injury incidence. Thus, this review aimed to study the effectiveness of different preventive programs based on exercise interventions on reducing the hamstring injury incidence in athletes.

Influence of the Strap Rewind Height During a Conical Pulley Exercise.

The use of flywheel devices has increased in popularity within resistance training programs. However, little is known about modifiable variables which may affect power output responses, as the rope length and the height level used in a conical pulley device. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of using three different rope lengths (1.

Effect of Genotype on Sports Performance, Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage, and Injury Epidemiology.

Genetic factors play a significant role in athletic performance and its related phenotypes such as power, strength and aerobic capacity. In this regard, the lack of a muscle protein due to a genetic polymorphism has been found to affect sport performance in a wide variety of ways. α-actinin-3 is a protein located within the skeletal muscle with a key role in the production of sarcomeric force.

Pacing profiles and tactical behaviors of elite runners.

The pacing behaviors used by elite athletes differ among individual sports, necessitating the study of sport-specific pacing profiles. Additionally, pacing behaviors adopted by elite runners differ depending on race distance. An "all-out" strategy, characterized by initial rapid acceleration and reduction in speed in the later stages, is observed during 100 m and 200 m events; 400 m runners also display positive pacing patterns, which is characterized by a reduction in speed throughout the race.

Influence of opponent ranking on the physical demands encountered during Ultimate Frisbee match-play.

There is a lack of evidence regarding the match demands encountered in elite Ultimate Frisbee (UF) overall and dependent upon opponent ranking. These data may be useful to elite UF coaches to implement optimal training loads and recovery strategies. Therefore, this study quantified the physical demands of elite UF match-play and analysed differences in demands according to opponent ranking.

Training intensity distribution analysis by race pace vs. physiological approach in world-class middle- and long-distance runners.

This study aimed to analyse the training intensity distribution (TID) of a group of 7 world-class middle- and long-distance runners over 50 weeks using two different approaches to organise TID zones: (1) based on individual specific race pace and; (2) based on physiological parameters. Analysed training data included training volume, intensity and frequency. The average weekly volume for the group was 135.

Determining the reliability and usability of change of direction speed tests in adolescent female soccer players: a systematic review.

Introduction: This review aimed 1) to describe the most common tests used for assessing change of direction (COD) performance; 2) to detail the reliability of current COD tests; 3) to provide an overview of current intervention strategies used to improve COD performance in adolescent female soccer players.

Evidence Acquisition: A computerized search was conducted in the PubMed, Cochrane Plus and Web of Science (from 1995 to January 2020) for English and Spanish language and peer-reviewed investigations.

Evidence Synthesis: A total of 221 studies were identified, with only 16 meeting the specific search criteria.

The Increased Effectiveness of Resistance Training on Unstable vs. Stable Surfaces on Selected Measures of Physical Performance in Young Male Soccer Players.

Sanchez-Sanchez, J, Raya-González, J, Ramirez-Campillo, R, Chaabene, H, Petisco, C, and Nakamura, FY. The increased effectiveness of resistance training on unstable vs. stable surfaces on selected measures of physical performance in young male soccer players.

Effects of Gluteal Muscles Strengthening on Lower-Limb Injuries in Male Professional Handball Players: A Preliminary Study.

Raya-González, J, García-Esteban, S, Hume, P, and Castillo, D. Effects of gluteal muscles strengthening on lower-limb injuries in male professional handball players: a preliminary study. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1593-1598, 2021-This study aimed to analyze the effects of a strength training injury-prevention program (STIPP) on injuries associated with weakness of the gluteal muscles in professional handball players.

Analysis of Sports Supplements Consumption in Young Spanish Elite Dinghy Sailors.

The sports performance of dinghy sailors is determined by their state of nutrition and hydration. Sports supplementation plays a prominent role in elite sailors, being essential in periods of competition due to its characteristics. This study aims to analyze the consumption of sports supplements (SS) in the different categories and groups of sailors based on the level of evidence, differentiating according to sex, competitive level, and type of boat.

Influence of Hurdling Clearance on Sprint Mechanical Properties in High-Level Athletes.

Jiménez-Reyes, P, Casado, A, González, JE, and Rodríguez-Fernández, C. Influence of hurdling clearance on sprint mechanical properties in high-level athletes. J Strength Cond Res 36(3): 827-831, 2022-Short hurdling races are sprint races in which athletes must also clear 10 hurdles.

Effects of Beetroot Juice Ingestion on Physical Performance in Highly Competitive Tennis Players.

Beetroot juice (BJ) contains high levels of inorganic nitrate (NO) and its intake has good evidence in increasing blood nitrate/nitrite concentrations. The ingestion of BJ has been associated with improvements in physical performance of endurance sports, however the literature in intermittent sports is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate whether BJ could improve physical performance in tennis players.

The acute effect of match-play on hip range of motion and isometric strength in elite tennis players.

Background: Groin injuries are some of the most common injuries tennis players suffer. Several factors (e.g.

Lane and Heat Draw Have Little Effect on Placings and Progression in Olympic and IAAF World Championship 800 m Running.

The aim of this study was to establish whether the lane and heat draw influenced placings and progression in world-class 800-m track running. Finishing positions and times of 1,086 performances at the Olympic Games and IAAF World Championships between 1999 and 2017 were obtained. Mean finishing and season's best times (SB), as well as placings and progression rates, were found for each heat number and for the inner (Lanes 1 and 2), middle (Lanes 3-6), and outer lanes (Lanes 7 and 8).

World-Class Long-Distance Running Performances Are Best Predicted by Volume of Easy Runs and Deliberate Practice of Short-Interval and Tempo Runs.

Casado, A, Hanley, B, Santos-Concejero, J, and Ruiz-Pérez, LM. World-class long-distance running performances are best predicted by volume of easy runs and deliberate practice of short-interval and tempo runs. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2525-2531, 2021-The aim of this novel study was to analyze the effect of deliberate practice (DP) and easy continuous runs completed by elite-standard and world-class long-distance runners on competitive performances during the first 7 years of their sport careers.

Acute effects of a single tennis match on passive shoulder rotation range of motion, isometric strength and serve speed in professional tennis players.

Shoulder pain has been associated with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) and a reduction in external rotation (ER) strength; however, in tennis players, there is scarce evidence regarding the impact of a single match on shoulder range of motion (ROM), strength and serve speed. The aim of this study was to determine the acute effect of a single tennis match on shoulder rotation ROM, isometric strength and serve speed. Twenty-six professional tennis players participated in the study (20.

Different psychophysiological responses to a high-intensity repetition session performed alone or in a group by elite middle-distance runners.

Internal training load refers to the degree of disturbance in psychophysiological homeostasis provoked by a training session and has been traditionally measured through session-RPE, which is the product of the session Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and the duration. External training load refers to the actual physical work completed, and depends on session volume, intensity, frequency and density. Drafting, which is achieved by running closely behind another runner has been demonstrated to reduce the energy cost of running at a fixed speed and to improve performance.

Effects of moderate vs. high iso-inertial loads on power, velocity, work and hamstring contractile function after flywheel resistance exercise.

Flywheel iso-inertial training has been shown to positively affect muscular strength and sports performance (e.g. agility).

Engagement, Passion and Meaning of Work as Modulating Variables in Nursing: A Theoretical Analysis.

Nurses are continuously exposed to stressors and psychological and physical risks that can negatively influence their daily work. These adverse psychosocial circumstances, accompanied by the poor self-perception of health, well-being, and quality of life, may trigger burnout. The positive psychology approach pursues a growth of passion at work, increased job satisfaction, and occupational health, both mental and physical, for the optimal performance of the nursing role.

Athletic Races Represent Complex Systems, and Pacing Behavior Should Be Viewed as an Emergent Phenomenon.

Pacing is the manner in which effort is distributed over the duration of an exercise bout, and is an important determinant of the extent to which individual potential is realized during athletic races. Observed pacing behaviors are thought to result from complex decision-making processes, and several models have been proposed that may explain the manner in which these decisions are made. In this article we argue that examination of individual factors implicated in the regulation of pacing is unlikely to allow full understanding of the events leading to pacing and performance.

Hyperandrogenic athletes: performance differences in elite-standard 200m and 800m finals.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the difference in elite-standard track and field performance between women athletes with and without hyperandrogenism reaches the 10-12% difference in performance between men and women, using only results from elite-standard track and field final competitions. Officially available data from two hyperandrogenic women (Caster Semenya and Dutee Chand) were compared with the characteristic performance of 200m and 800m elite-standard finals. The finishing times of Caster Semenya, before her ineligibility to compete in 2009 and after the suspension of the 2011 IAAF Hyperandrogenism Regulations were found to be respectively 1.