iBCS: 4. Application of the Inhalation Biopharmaceutics Classification System to the Development of Orally Inhaled Drug Products.

This is the fourth paper in a series describing an inhalation biopharmaceutics classification system (iBCS), an initiative supported by the Product Quality Research Institute. The paper examines the application of the inhalation Biopharmaceutics Classification System (iBCS) through the drug discovery, development, and postapproval phases for orally inhaled drug products (OIDP) and for the development of generic OIDPs. We consider the implication of the iBCS class in terms of product performance and identify the practical gaps that must be filled to enable the classification system to be adopted into day-to-day practice.

Case series of high pressure paint injection injuries in single digits in a tertiary referral centre over a one year period.

High pressure injection injuries to upper extremities are largely rare occurrences. The direct and indirect effects of the injected substance can cause debilitating consequences for those affected and can lead to digit amputation. This case series includes three patients with high pressure injection injuries admitted to a single tertiary centre over one year.

A case report of minimally invasive management of congenital retrocaval ureter.

Retrocaval ureter (RU) is a rare congenital malformation where the ureteric pathway is altered, passing posteriorly around the inferior vena cava (IVC). Occasionally, this leads to the IVC compressing the ureter, resulting in obstruction. In this report, we discuss a male who presented with severe right-sided flank pain and was otherwise well with no significant medical, urological, or birth history.

Unprecedented visible light-initiated topochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition in a functionalized bimane dye.

Bimanes, a class of molecules based on the 1,7-pyrazolo[1,2-]pyrazole-1,7-dione scaffold, were first introduced by E. M. Kosower in 1978.

De-extinction beyond species: Restoring ecosystem functionality through large herbivore rewilding.

This perspective positions rewilding as a novel approach to ecosystem restoration, emphasising the restoration of natural processes to create self-willed ecosystems. Central to European rewilding is the de-domestication of cattle and horses to act as functional analogues of the extinct aurochs and wild horses. This de-extinction pathway shifts the focus from the loss of species to the loss of their ecological roles caused by human actions commencing millennia ago.

A review of sarcoidosis etiology, diagnosis and treatment.

Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of granulomas in various organs, leading to inflammation and potential organ dysfunction. Symptoms often start with general signs like fatigue, fever, and weight loss, but vary depending on the affected organ. Diagnosis is challenging due to its diverse clinical presentation and lack of a definitive test, while treatment is complicated by the disease's variable course, requiring a personalized approach.

Naming, Stimulus Equivalence and Relational Frame Theory: Stronger Together than Apart.

Research on human language started to change when Murray Sidman and colleagues demonstrated that a participant was able to derive unreinforced stimulus relations after conditional discrimination training. This work provided the basis for a novel approach to research on symbolic behavior and fostered the development of three main theoretical accounts: stimulus equivalence (SE), relational frame theory (RFT), and naming theory (NT). These accounts unfolded in the last decades of the twentieth century, promoting intense debate and discussion within behavior analysis.

AI models for the identification of prognostic and predictive biomarkers in lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the efficacy of artificial intelligence (AI) models in identifying prognostic and predictive biomarkers in lung cancer. With the increasing complexity of lung cancer subtypes and the need for personalized treatment strategies, AI-driven approaches offer a promising avenue for biomarker discovery and clinical decision-making.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in multiple electronic databases to identify relevant studies published up to date.

The Impacts of Poor Sleep Quality on Knee Pain and Quality of Life in Young Adults: Insights from a Population-Based Cohort.

Objectives: Poor sleep is common among young adults and is often associated with pain. This study investigates the relationship between pain-related outcomes, sleep quality, and quality of life in young adults with and without knee pain.

Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of the 5-year follow-up of a prospective cohort study.

Winner-loser effects on life history traits.

Ageing of adult males could be accelerated by both high mating/reproductive effort and fighting for mates. Testing the relative importance of these factors is challenging, however, because males that win fights also tend to have more mates. We used a 2 x 2 experimental design to test how a prolonged (9 week) period of either winning or losing fights, and either high or low reproductive effort (manipulating by varying access to females) interact to affect male ageing and future reproduction allocation in the mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki.

Solid-State On-Substrate Synthesis of Size-Controlled CuPt@CuO Core-Shell Nanocubes and Applications for Electrochemical Sensing and Electrocatalytic Methanol Oxidation Reaction.

The development of size- and shape-controlled nanomaterials is essential to tailor their properties and performance for wide-ranging applications from catalysis to sensing. Solid-state synthesis of nanostructures is attractive from a sustainability perspective, but they typically lack the desired size and shape control at small-scale dimensions. This work shows that colloidal precursors can be used in a solid-state route to form hybrid core-shell nanostructures with simultaneous size and morphology control.

Association of Paternal BMI and Diet During Pregnancy with Offspring Birth Measures: The STEPS Study.

Background/objectives: Maternal Body Mass Index (BMI), diet quality, and their associated effects on offspring birth measures are well-established. Emerging evidence, largely from animal studies, has indicated paternal factors can influence offspring birth outcomes. However, this effect is poorly understood in humans.

Plant-Based Meat Alternatives on the Island of Ireland: Changes in the Market and Comparisons with Conventional Meat.

The plant-based meat alternative (PBMA) market and consumer base on the island of Ireland (IOI) has grown rapidly in recent years. Therefore, this study compared the changes in PBMAs available on the IOI over time and the nutritional profiles of PBMAs with meat counterparts. Three online audits of PBMAs available in Tesco's and Sainsbury's in 2021/2022, 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 were conducted.

The Concentrations of Fatty Acids, Cholesterol and Vitamin E in Cooked Longissimus, Semitendinosus, Psoas Major and Supraspinatus Muscles from Cattle Offered Grass Only, Concentrates Ad Libitum or Grass Silage Supplemented with Concentrates.

There is growing interest among consumers in the nutritional value of the food they consume. The objectives of this study were (1) to document the nutritional value, with a focus on the fatty acid profile, of beef from cattle from one commercial production system that only ever received grass-based feed ingredients compared with similar animals finished in more conventional, i.e.

Decisions, Decisions: Observations of Resource Allocation Under Consumer-Directed Care.

: Resource trade-offs are a universal feature of decision-making in healthcare. Public funding for home care is an example of a complex resource allocation decision, requiring balance between the needs of the individual and the capacity of the welfare system to meet those needs across the population. Under consumer-directed care policies, responsibility for resource allocation decisions rests with the care recipient, but there is no existing measure of allocative efficiency resulting from these consumer-led decisions.

Analysis of the European Union's National Cancer Control Programs: Meeting the Needs of People with Intellectual Disabilities.

: People with intellectual disabilities (IDs), representing approximately 200 million individuals globally (3% of the world's population), face significant disparities in cancer prevention and care. While cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, the intersection of cancer care and intellectual disability presents unique challenges that demand specialized attention within healthcare systems. This study evaluates the current status and effectiveness of National Cancer Control Programs (NCCPs) for individuals with intellectual disabilities across the European Union.

Analyzing Prescribing Trends of Gastric Acid Suppressants in the UK Using Segmented Regression: Evaluating the Influence of COVID-19 (2019-2024).

Background: This study explored the prescribing patterns of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine H2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) across the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the dynamic relationship between emerging evidence, regulatory actions, and clinical practices.

Methods: Using a repeated cross-sectional design, prescription data from July 2019 to May 2024 were analyzed across England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Segmented regression analysis was employed to assess trends before and after January 2022, reflecting the impact of emerging evidence on prescribing behaviors.

Important Diseases of Small Ruminants in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review with a Focus on Current Strategies for Treatment and Control in Smallholder Systems.

Sheep and goats are an important source of livelihood for smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). These livestock are almost entirely managed by resource-poor, smallholder farmers and pastoralists. Despite the large number of sheep and goats in SSA, their productivity is low, mainly due to diseases, poor feed, and inferior breeds.

Impact of Reduced Dietary Crude Protein and Propionic Acid Preservation on Intestinal Health and Growth Performance in Post-Weaned Pigs.

This study investigated whether organic acid (OA)-preserved grain could mitigate the negative effects of low crude protein (CP) diets on growth performance, intestinal health, and the coefficient of total tract digestibility (CATTD) of nutrients in weaned piglets. The grain was either conventionally dried or preserved post-harvest with 4 kg of OA per tonne. Ninety-six piglets (28 days old) were assigned to one of four diets in a 2 × 2 factorial design: (1) dried standard CP diet, (2) OA-preserved standard CP diet, (3) dried low CP diet, and (4) OA-preserved low CP diet.

The Value of Clinical Decision Support in Healthcare: A Focus on Screening and Early Detection.

In a rapidly changing technology landscape, "Clinical Decision Support" (CDS) has become an important tool to improve patient management. CDS systems offer medical professionals new insights to improve diagnostic accuracy, therapy planning, and personalized treatment. In addition, CDS systems provide cost-effective options to augment conventional screening for secondary prevention.

Functional, Physical and Psychosocial Impacts of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Temporomandibular Disorders-A Comparative Study.

: This study aims to evaluate the impact of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), determine the effects of different influencing factors, and identify the most affected dimensions among the Saudi Arabian population. : A cross-sectional study was conducted among 110 individuals visiting the Department of Oral Medicine at the Dental University Hospital (DUH), King Saud University. Participants were equally categorized into two groups: TMD and controls.

Is Frailty Associated with Worse Outcomes After Major Liver Surgery? An Observational Case-Control Study.

: The rate of morbidity after liver surgery is estimated at 30% and can be even higher when considering higher-risk subgroups of patients. Frailty is believed to better predict surgical outcomes by showcasing the patient's ability to withstand major surgical stress and selecting frail ones. : This is a single-centre, observational case-control study on patients diagnosed with liver malignancies who underwent liver resections between 2013 and 2024.

Promoting Physical Activity to Cancer Survivors in Practice: Challenges and Solutions for Implementation.

: This study explored the challenges and solutions to the effective promotion of physical activity (PA) to cancer survivors in practice in Ireland amongst a variety of stakeholders, including healthcare professionals (HCPs), policy makers, community providers of cancer care, and academics. : Focus groups (n = 5) were conducted with participants (n = 40), including oncologists, oncology nurses, physiotherapists, cancer support centre managers, academics, consumers, cancer policy representatives, exercise specialists, community providers of exercise programmes, and a chartered psychologist. The data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Bacterial-Mediated In Situ Engineering of Tumour-Associated Macrophages for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Background/objectives: Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are critical components of the tumour microenvironment (TME), significantly influencing cancer progression and treatment resistance. This review aims to explore the innovative use of engineered bacteria to reprogram TAMs, enhancing their anti-tumour functions and improving therapeutic outcomes.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review following a predefined protocol.