Improved endothelial function following a 14-month resistance exercise training program in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Objective: We examined the effect of a 14-month progressive resistance training (PRT) program on endothelial function in both a supervised training (Center) group and non-supervised training (Home) group of patients with type 2 diabetes. We studied 28 men and women with type 2 diabetes who participated in a 14-month PRT involving an initial 2-month supervised program and a 12-month maintenance program.

Methods: Endothelial function testing was performed through laser doppler flow responses in the skin microcirculation to iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (NaNP) and doses of 4, 8 and 16mC were used.

HPLC-detected albuminuria predicts mortality.

Albuminuria is a risk factor for all-cause mortality. Urinary albumin is traditionally measured with an immunochemical method such as immunonephelometry (IN). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detects additional albumin that is missed by IN, but it is unknown if HPLC-detected albuminuria also predicts mortality in the general population.

Glucose indices, health behaviors, and incidence of diabetes in Australia: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study.

Objective: This national, population-based study reports diabetes incidence based on oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and identifies risk factors for diabetes in Australians.

Research Design And Methods: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study followed-up 5,842 participants over 5 years. Normal glycemia, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and diabetes were defined using World Health Organization criteria.

The metabolic syndrome as a predictor of incident diabetes mellitus in Mauritius.

Aims: To assess the utility of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and a Diabetes Predicting Model as predictors of incident diabetes.

Methods: A longitudinal survey was conducted in Mauritius in 1987 (n = 4972; response 80%) and 1992 (n = 3685; follow-up 74.2%).

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin: economic comparison in adult and adolescent type 1 diabetes mellitus in Australia.

Background: Recent meta-analyses in the published medical literature have found improved glycaemic control with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) compared with multiple daily injections (MDI) of insulin for patients with diabetes mellitus. In Australia, CSII is predominantly used in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patient populations. OBJECTIVE/INTERVENTION: To project long-term costs and outcomes of CSII (Novorapid or Humalog) compared with MDI (NPH insulin plus Novorapid or Humalog) in adult and adolescent T1DM patients in Australia.

Risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab).

Background: Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. The relationship between milder elevations of blood glucose and mortality is less clear. This study investigated whether impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, as well as diabetes mellitus, increase the risk of all-cause and CVD mortality.

Diabetes: advances in treatment.

The increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide is cause for concern both in terms of associated morbidity and increasing health costs. This review aims to focus on new and emerging treatments for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. There has been recent focus on diabetes prevention both for type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

The metabolic syndrome in Australia: prevalence using four definitions.

Objective: To compare the prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) defined by four definitions and to determine which definition best identifies those at high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and with insulin resistance.

Methods: AusDiab is a population-based survey of 11,247 Australians. Participants had anthropometry, blood pressure, and fasting biochemistry.

Association of television viewing with fasting and 2-h postchallenge plasma glucose levels in adults without diagnosed diabetes.

Objective: We examined the associations of television viewing time with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h postchallenge plasma glucose (2-h PG) levels in Australian adults.

Research Design And Methods: A total of 8,357 adults aged > 35 years who were free from diagnosed diabetes and who attended a population-based cross-sectional study (Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study [AusDiab]) were evaluated. Measures of FPG and 2-h PG were obtained from an oral glucose tolerance test.

Leptin predicts the development of diabetes in Mauritian men, but not women: a population-based study.

Objective: To determine if levels of the adipocyte-derived hormone, leptin, predict the development of type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Population-based surveys were undertaken in the multiethnic nation of Mauritius in 1987, 1992 and 1998. Questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test were included.

Community center-based resistance training for the maintenance of glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether beneficial effects on glycemic control of an initial laboratory-supervised resistance training program could be sustained through a community center-based maintenance program.

Research Design And Methods: We studied 57 overweight (BMI >or=27 kg/m2) sedentary men and women aged 40-80 years with established (>6 months) type 2 diabetes. Initially, all participants attended a twice-weekly 2-month supervised resistance training program conducted in the exercise laboratory.

Association of genetic variation within UBL5 with phenotypes of metabolic syndrome.

The BEACON gene was initially identified using the differential display polymerase chain reaction on hypothalamic mRNA samples collected from lean and obese Psammomys obesus, a polygenic animal model of obesity. Hypothalamic BEACON gene expression was positively correlated with percentage of body fat, and intracerebroventricular infusion of the Beacon protein resulted in a dose-dependent increase in food intake and body weight. The human homolog of BEACON, UBL5, is located on chromosome 19p in a region previously linked to quantitative traits related to obesity.

Metabolic syndrome--a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation.

Aims: To establish a unified working diagnostic tool for the metabolic syndrome (MetS) that is convenient to use in clinical practice and that can be used world-wide so that data from different countries can be compared. An additional aim was to highlight areas where more research into the MetS is needed.

Participants: The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) convened a workshop held 12-14 May 2004 in London, UK.

Diagnostic thresholds for diabetes: the association of retinopathy and albuminuria with glycaemia.

Aim: We examined the association of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h plasma glucose (2hPG) and HbA1c with retinopathy and microalbuminuria using both deciles of glycaemia and change point models, to validate current diagnostic criteria for diabetes and to identify therapeutic thresholds for glycaemic control.

Methods: The Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle study (AusDiab), conducted in 1999-2000, included adults aged > or =25 years from 42 randomly selected areas of Australia. Retinopathy and albuminuria were assessed in participants identified as having diabetes (based on self report and oral glucose tolerance test), impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance and in a random sample with normal glucose tolerance.

How to best define the metabolic syndrome.

The constellation of metabolic abnormalities including centrally distributed obesity, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated triglycerides, elevated blood pressure (BP), and hyperglycaemia is known as the metabolic syndrome. Associated with increased risk of both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD), the metabolic syndrome is thought to be a driver of the modern day epidemics of diabetes and CVD and has become a major public health challenge around the world 1. Since its initial description, several definitions of the syndrome have emerged.

The metabolic syndrome: a global public health problem and a new definition.

The constellation of metabolic abnormalities including centrally distributed obesity, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated triglycerides, elevated blood pressure (BP), and hyperglycaemia is known as the metabolic syndrome. Associated with a 3 fold and 2 fold increase in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD), respectively, it is thought to be a driver of the modern day epidemics of diabetes and CVD and has become a major public health challenge around the world. Since its initial description, several definitions of the syndrome have emerged.

Diabesity in Australia: an affair of the heart.

The objective of the Australian Diabetes and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) was to determine the frequency of diabetes and other categories of glucose intolerance (impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG)), as well as other cardiovascular risk factors in Australia and to compare the prevalence with previous Australia data. The study involved a national sample involving 11 247 participants aged 25 years from the six states and the Northern Territory. They were examined in a cross-sectional survey using the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test to assess fasting and 2-h plasma glucose levels.

Associations of TV viewing and physical activity with the metabolic syndrome in Australian adults.

Aims/hypothesis: We analysed a sample of Australian adults to determine the strength of associations of TV viewing and participation in physical activity with the metabolic syndrome.

Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study included 6,241 adults aged > or =35 years who were free from diagnosed diabetes mellitus and self-reported ischaemic disease and were not taking lipid-lowering or antihypertensive drugs. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to the 1999 World Health Organization criteria.

A comparison of blood glucose meters in Australia.

Objective: To assess the accuracy and precision of the five currently available blood glucose meters in Australia.

Design And Setting: Control solutions from manufacturers were used to determine the precision for each meter. Glucose levels in capillary blood samples from 49 patients attending a diabetes clinic were measured with each meter and with a laboratory reference method.

Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus and associated cardiovascular risk factors: focus on human immunodeficiency virus and psychiatric disorders.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity have reached epidemic proportions in many developing and developed nations, leading to talk of the "twin epidemics." The latest projections from the International Diabetes Federation suggest that 190 million people worldwide currently have type 2 diabetes. In addition, > or = 300 million people worldwide have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).

Home-based resistance training is not sufficient to maintain improved glycemic control following supervised training in older individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Objective: To examine whether improvements in glycemic control and body composition resulting from 6 months of supervised high-intensity progressive resistance training could be maintained after an additional 6 months of home-based resistance training.

Research Design And Methods: We performed a 12-month randomized controlled trial in 36 sedentary, overweight men and women with type 2 diabetes (aged 60-80 years) who were randomly assigned to moderate weight loss plus high-intensity progressive resistance training (RT&WL group) or moderate weight loss plus a control program (WL group). Supervised gymnasium-based training for 6 months was followed by an additional 6 months of home-based training.