Development of a Unifying Target and Consensus Indicators for Global Surgical Systems Strengthening: Proposed by the Global Alliance for Surgery, Obstetric, Trauma, and Anaesthesia Care (The G4 Alliance).

After decades on the margins of primary health care, surgical and anaesthesia care is gaining increasing priority within the global development arena. The 2015 publications of the Disease Control Priorities third edition on Essential Surgery and the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery created a compelling evidenced-based argument for the fundamental role of surgery and anaesthesia within cost-effective health systems strengthening global strategy. The launch of the Global Alliance for Surgical, Obstetric, Trauma, and Anaesthesia Care in 2015 has further coordinated efforts to build priority for surgical care and anaesthesia.

Postoperative Adverse Events Inconsistently Improved by the World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist: A Systematic Literature Review of 25 Studies.

Background: The World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) has been widely implemented in an effort to decrease surgical adverse events.

Method: This systematic literature review examined the effects of the SSC on postoperative outcomes. The review included 25 studies: two randomised controlled trials, 13 prospective and ten retrospective cohort trials.

How to improve the clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis in resource limited settings.

This article is a general review of the diagnostic tools that the clinician can use for the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis with emphasis on the Alvarado Score, and it is aimed principally to the medical practitioners in different parts of the world where the diagnostic facilities and technological resources are limited.

Association of head, thoracic and abdominal trauma with delayed diagnosis of co-existing injuries in critical trauma patients.

Background: Management of critically injured patients is usually complicated and challenging. A structured team approach with comprehensive survey is warranted. However, delayed diagnosis of co-existing injuries that are less severe or occult might still occur, despite a standard thorough approach coupled with advances in image intervention.

Breast augmentation.

Breast augmentation is the most commonly performed cosmetic procedure among American women. Saline implants, silicone implants, and autologous fat injections are the most common options. The inframammary, periareolar, and axillary routes with or without endoscopy are the most common routes of implantation.

Liposuction.

Liposuction is the most common cosmetic surgical procedure worldwide. It provides effective contouring of the torso, extremities, and submental areas in properly selected patients. Tumescent liposuction, a local anesthesia technique, and superwet liposuction, a systemic anesthesia technique, are the most common methods.

Approach to eyebrow ptosis through the modified technique of Castanares.

One of the first signs of facial ageing appears in the forehead, with the descent of the lateral part of the brow. This is a troubling condition for all patients and elevation of the lateral part of the brow becomes a more and more frequent demand. The authors present their experience in 350 consecutive cases of direct eyebrow lift ("butterfly wing" incision) alone or in combination with rhytidectomy and/or blepharoplasty.