Antibiotic resistance and serotype distribution of strains in Bangladesh over the period of 2014-2022: evidence from a nationwide hospital-based surveillance for cholera and other diarrheal diseases.

Unlabelled: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and risk factors linked to infections through a nationwide hospital-based diarrheal disease surveillance in Bangladesh. From May 2014 to May 2022, from a systematic sentinel surveillance of infections in over 10 hospitals across Bangladesh, stool specimens were collected from patients with acute watery diarrhea and tested for species by microbiological culture. The susceptibility to antibiotics was tested using the disk diffusion method.

Determinants of immune responses predictive of protection against shigellosis in an endemic zone: a systems analysis of antibody profiles and function.

Background: Shigella is the third leading global cause of moderate or severe diarrhoea among children younger than 5 years globally, and is the leading cause in children aged 24-59 months. The mechanism of protection against Shigella infection and disease in endemic areas is uncertain. We aimed to compare the Shigella-specific antibody responses in individuals living in Shigella-endemic and non-endemic areas, and to identify correlates of protection in a Shigella-endemic location.

Portable smartphone-based molecular test for rapid detection of Leishmania spp.

Purpose: Leishmaniasis, caused by the parasite of the genus Leishmania, is a neglected tropical disease which is endemic in more than 60 countries. In South-East Asia, Brazil, and East Africa, it mainly occurs as kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis, VL), and subsequently as post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in a smaller portion of cases. As stated per WHO roadmap, accessibility to accurate diagnostic methods is an essential step to achieve elimination.

Human behaviour directs household-level exposure to malaria vectors in Bandarban, Bangladesh.

Background: Bangladesh has reduced malaria incidence and mortality by over 75% between 2010 and 2020. Widespread long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) distribution and use is one of the measures responsible for this success. Recalcitrant malaria hotspots within the Chittagong Hill Tracts districts suggest important drivers of malaria risk may remain uncharacterized.

Virus-like Particle Display of -Specific Polysaccharide as a Potential Vaccine against Cholera.

, a noninvasive mucosal pathogen, is endemic in more than 50 countries. Oral cholera vaccines, based on killed whole-cell strains of , can provide significant protection in adults and children for 2-5 years. However, they have relatively limited direct protection in young children.

Genomics, social media and mobile phone data enable mapping of SARS-CoV-2 lineages to inform health policy in Bangladesh.

Genomics, combined with population mobility data, used to map importation and spatial spread of SARS-CoV-2 in high-income countries has enabled the implementation of local control measures. Here, to track the spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Bangladesh at the national level, we analysed outbreak trajectory and variant emergence using genomics, Facebook 'Data for Good' and data from three mobile phone operators. We sequenced the complete genomes of 67 SARS-CoV-2 samples (collected by the IEDCR in Bangladesh between March and July 2020) and combined these data with 324 publicly available Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Bangladesh at that time.

Teachers' perspective on implementation of menstrual hygiene management and puberty education in a pilot study in Bangladeshi schools.

Objective: To assess the perspectives of Bangladeshi teachers on the feasibility of delivery and potential for long-term sustainability of puberty and menstruation education in urban and rural schools.

Method: We developed a multi-module puberty and menstrual hygiene management education curriculum that teachers piloted for six months in four urban and rural government and private schools in Bangladesh. We conducted monthly assessments during piloting, discussion for manual revision and four group discussions with 20 participating teachers to understand perceived benefits, barriers, and sustainability of puberty and menstruation education among school children.

Pre-existing COPD is associated with an increased risk of mortality and severity in COVID-19: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis.

: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate COVID-19 mortality and severity among patients with pre-existing COPD.: We performed systematic searches in Ovid Medline, Embase via Ovid, PubMed, and Scopus from 15 December 2019 to 7 July 2020. Studies which reported the association and presented data on risk estimate (Hazard Ratio [HR]) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were extracted.

Wide range of G6PD activities found among ethnic groups of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh.

The proportion of Plasmodium vivax malaria among all malarias is increasing worldwide. Treatment with 8-aminoquinolines remain the only radical cure. However, 8-aminoquinolines can cause severe hemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient patients.

Distribution of wealth-stratified inequalities on maternal and child health parameters and influences of maternal-related factors on improvements in child health survival rate in Bangladesh.

This study investigates the influence of household socioeconomic status and maternal risk factors and health-care service availability on changes in the under-five mortality rate (U5MR) in Bangladesh. Potential risk factors that influence U5MRs were investigated using multilevel logistic regression analysis and 29,697 data points from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys, 2004-2014. Maternal and child health parameters such as childhood morbidity, low vaccination coverage, poor utilization of perinatal care, and malnutrition were found to be more concentrated in poorer households.

Clinical and laboratory characteristics of acute kidney injury in infants with diarrhea: a cross-sectional study in Bangladesh.

Objective: We described the clinical and laboratory characteristics of acute kidney injury (AKI) in infants with diarrhea.

Methods: This medical record analysis was conducted in Dhaka Hospital of the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research Bangladesh from January to December 2015. Infants with elevated serum creatinine (>50 µmol/L) constituted cases (n = 146).

Disease-specific out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure in urban Bangladesh: A Bayesian analysis.

Background: Because of the rapid increase of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and high burden of healthcare-related financial issues in Bangladesh, there is a concern that out-of-pocket (OOP) payments related to illnesses may become a major burden on household. It is crucial to understand what are the major illnesses responsible for high OPP at the household level to help policymakers prioritize key areas of actions to protect the household from 100% financial hardship for seeking health care as part of universal health coverage.

Objectives: We first estimated the costs of illnesses among a population in urban Bangladesh, and then assessed the household financial burden associated with these illnesses.

Oral cholera vaccination strategy: Self-administration of the second dose in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Cholera remains a major public health problem in many developing countries including Bangladesh. The oral cholera vaccine (OCV) is now considered a key component of the public health response to cholera. Although maintaining cold chain and organizing human resource are the major challenges of vaccine delivery to the community.

Safety of the oral cholera vaccine in pregnancy: Retrospective findings from a subgroup following mass vaccination campaign in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Background: Pregnant women are vulnerable to complications of cholera. Killed oral cholera vaccines (OCV) are not recommended for pregnant women though there is no evidence of harmful effects during pregnancy. We evaluated the effect of a killed OCV, Shanchol™, on pregnancy outcomes during an effectiveness trial of the vaccine in urban Bangladesh.

Efficacy of partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) supplemented modified oral rehydration solution in the treatment of severely malnourished children with watery diarrhoea: a randomised double-blind controlled trial.

Objectives: To examine whether PHGG added ORS reduce duration of diarrhoea, stool output and enhance weight gain.

Methods: In a double-blind controlled clinical trial, 126 malnourished children (weight for length/weight for age < -3 Z-score with or without pedal edema), aged 6 - 36 months with acute diarrhoea <7 days were studied in two treatment groups; 63 received modified WHO ORS (Na 75, K 40, Cl 87, citrate 7, glucose 90 mmol/L) with PHGG 15 g/L (study group); 63 received modified WHO ORS without PHGG (control). Other treatments were similar in both groups.

Coverage and cost of a large oral cholera vaccination program in a high-risk cholera endemic urban population in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

A feasibility study of an oral cholera vaccine was carried out to test strategies to reach high-risk populations in urban Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study was cluster randomized, with three arms: vaccine, vaccine plus safe water and hand washing practice, and no intervention. High risk people of age one year and above (except pregnant woman) from the two intervention arms received two doses of the oral cholera vaccine, Shanchol™.

Evaluation of the OnSite (Pf/Pan) rapid diagnostic test for diagnosis of clinical malaria.

Background: Accurate diagnosis of malaria is an essential prerequisite for proper treatment and drug resistance monitoring. Microscopy is considered the gold standard for malaria diagnosis but has limitations. ELISA, PCR, and Real Time PCR are also used to diagnose malaria in reference laboratories, although their application at the field level is currently not feasible.