Cenozoic history of the tropical marine biodiversity hotspot.

The region with the highest marine biodiversity on our planet is known as the Coral Triangle or Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA). Its enormous biodiversity has long attracted the interest of biologists; however, the detailed evolutionary history of the IAA biodiversity hotspot remains poorly understood. Here we present a high-resolution reconstruction of the Cenozoic diversity history of the IAA by inferring speciation-extinction dynamics using a comprehensive fossil dataset.

Extremely Nonplanar meso-cis-Bis(Trifluoromethyl)-Substituted Tetrabenzoporphyrin Copper Complex with Remarkably Short N-Cu Distances.

We synthesized a 5,10-bis(trifluoromethyl)tetrabenzoporphyrin copper complex (cis-2CF-TBPCu) by first treating 5,10-bis(trifluoromethyl)tetrabutanoporphyrin (cis-2CF-TbP) with copper(II) acetate. The subsequent oxidation of the resulting 5,10-bis(trifluoromethyl)tetrabutanoporphyrin copper complex (cis-2CF-TbPCu) was achieved using 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ). The crystal structure of cis-2CF-TBPCu exhibited remarkably short N-Cu distances and was extremely nonplanar.

Magnetostructural Properties of Some Doubly-Bridged Phenoxido Copper(II) Complexes.

Three new tripod tetradentate phenolate-amines (, and ), together with seven more already related published ligands, were synthesized, and characterized. With these ligands, two new dinuclear doubly-bridged-phenoxido copper(II) complexes (, ), and six more complexes (, , -), a new trinuclear complex () with an alternative doubly-bridged-phenoxido and -methoxido, as well as the 1D polymer () were synthesized, and their molecular structures were characterized by spectroscopic methods and X-ray single crystal crystallography. The Cu(II) centers in these complexes exhibit distorted square-pyramidal arrangement in -, mixed square pyramidal and square planar in , , and , and distorted octahedral (5+1) arrangements in and .

p-ZnO/n-ZnMgO Nanoparticle-Based Heterojunction UV Light-Emitting Diodes.

Heterojunction light-emitting diodes (LEDs), based on p-type ZnO and n-type ZnMgO nanoparticles, have been demonstrated. ZnMgO nanoparticles were prepared by the thermal diffusion of Mg onto ZnO nanoparticles. p-ZnO/GZO homostructure LEDs and p-ZnO/n-ZnMgO/GZO heterostructure LEDs have been fabricated using ZnO and ZnMgO nanoparticles.

Microplastics in environment: global concern, challenges, and controlling measures.

Plastic pollution in various forms has emerged as the most severe environmental threat. Small plastic chunks, such as microplastics and nanoplastics derived from primary and secondary sources, are a major concern worldwide due to their adverse effects on the environment and public health. Several years have been spent developing robust spectroscopic techniques that should be considered top-notch; however, researchers are still trying to find efficient and straightforward methods for the analysis of microplastics but have yet to develop a viable solution.

Low computational-cost cell detection method for calcium imaging data.

The rapid progress of calcium imaging techniques has reached a point where the activity of thousands to tens of thousands of cells can be recorded simultaneously with single-cell resolution in a field-of-view (FOV) of about ten mm. Consequently, there is a pressing need for developing automatic cell detection methods for large-scale image data. Several research groups have proposed automatic cell detection algorithms.

The Role of Nitrogen Dopants in ZnO Nanoparticle-Based Light Emitting Diodes.

In this work, nitrogen-doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized in various conditions by the gas evaporation method with DC arc plasma. Nitrogen concentrations of 6.38 × 10 cm to 2.

Magnetically Manipulable Ionic Liquid Crystals Incorporating Neutral Radicals.

Invited for this month's cover are the collaborating groups of Dr. Yoshiaki Uchida from Osaka University, Japan, Prof. Rui Tamura and Prof.

Imaging data analysis using non-negative matrix factorization.

The rapid progress of imaging devices such as two-photon microscopes has made it possible to measure the activity of thousands to tens of thousands of cells at single-cell resolution in a wide field of view (FOV) data. However, it is not possible to manually identify thousands of cells in such wide FOV data. Several research groups have developed machine learning methods for automatically detecting cells from wide FOV data.

Photometric Calibration for Stereo Camera with Gamma-like Response Function in Direct Visual Odometry.

Direct visual odometry algorithms assume that every frame from the camera has the same photometric characteristics. However, the cameras with auto exposure are widely used outdoors as the environment often changes. The vignetting also affects the pixel's brightness on different frames, even if the exposure time is fixed.

Chest compressions become deeper when pushing with forward lean: A simulation study.

Aim: Chest compression depth (CCD) in cardiopulmonary resuscitation is important. However, lightweight rescuers have difficulty achieving an appropriate depth. Chest compression force (CCFORCE) can be increased by placing the arms at 100° to the patient's frontal plane.

Paleoceanography of the northwestern Pacific across the Early-Middle Pleistocene boundary (Marine Isotope Stages 20-18).

Unlabelled: The fluctuating position of the boundary between the Kuroshio (warm) and Oyashio (cold) currents in the mid-latitude western North Pacific affects both heat transport and air-ocean interactions and has significant consequences for the East Asian climate. We reconstruct the paleoceanography of Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 20-18, MIS 19 being one of the closest astronomical analogues to the present interglacial, through multiple proxies including microfossil assemblage data, planktonic foraminiferal isotopes (δO and δC), and foraminiferal Mg/Ca-based temperature records, from the Chiba composite section (CbCS) exposed on the Boso Peninsula, east-central Japan. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to capture dominant patterns of the temporal variation in these marine records, and shows that the relative abundances of calcareous nannofossil and radiolarian taxa are consistent with the water mass types inferred from geochemical proxies.

Versatile Mitogenic and Differentiation-Inducible Layer Formation by Underwater Adhesive Polypeptides.

Artificial materials have no biological functions, but they are important for medical devices such as artificial organs and matrices for regenerative medicine. In this study, mitogenic and differentiation-inducible materials are devised via the simple coating of polypeptides, which contain the sequence of epidermal growth factor or insulin-like growth factor with a key amino acid (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) of underwater adhesive proteins. The adhesive polypeptides prepared via solid-phase synthesis form layers on various substrates involving organic and inorganic materials to provide biological surfaces.

Identification of Transcription Factors and the Regulatory Genes Involved in Triacylglycerol Accumulation in the Unicellular Red Alga .

Microalgal triacylglycerols (TAGs) are a good feedstock for liquid biofuel production. Improving the expression and/or function of transcription factors (TFs) involved in TAG accumulation may increase TAG content; however, information on microalgae is still lacking. In this study, 14 TFs in the unicellular red alga were identified as candidate TFs regulating TAG accumulation using available transcriptome and phosphoproteome data under conditions driving TAG accumulation.

Constructing Brain Connectivity Model Using Causal Network Reconstruction Approach.

Studying brain function is a challenging task. In the past, we could only study brain anatomical structures post-mortem, or infer brain functions from clinical data of patients with a brain injury. Nowadays technology, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), enable non-invasive brain activity observation.

Application of precise neutron focusing mirrors for neutron reflectometry: latest results and future prospects.

Neutron reflectometry (NR) is a powerful tool for providing insight into the evolution of interfacial structures, for example via measurements for electrode-electrolyte interfaces, with a spatial resolution of nanometres. The time resolution of NR, which ranges from seconds to minutes depending on the reflection intensity, unfortunately remains low, particularly for small samples made of state-of-the-art materials even with the latest neutron reflectometers. To overcome this problem, a large-area focusing supermirror manufactured with ultra-precision machining has been employed to enhance the neutron flux at the sample, and a gain of approximately 100% in the neutron flux was achieved.

Walking and talking independently predict interpersonal impressions.

When walking alongside someone, you may feel that your legs move in synchrony with theirs. Recent studies have shown that walk-in-synch behaviour observed in natural settings occurs at a rate significantly greater than would be expected by chance, and that the amount of this synchrony is related to interpersonal impressions. However, in such natural settings, the existence of verbal conversations between paired walkers should affect the interpersonal impressions and the effect is not distinguished from the effect of walk-in-synch on the impressions so far.

PM Q-probe: A fluorescent binding protein that converts many antibodies to a fluorescent biosensor.

Quenchbody (Q-body) is a fluorescent biosensor in which a fluorescent dye is tagged near the antigen binding site of an antibody. The fluorescence of the dye is quenched by the tryptophan residues present in the variable region of the antibody, and is recovered when the antigen binds. Q-bodies have been prepared using recombinant DNA technology by introducing one or more tag sequence(s) at either the N-terminal of the Fab or the single chain variable region fragment of the antibody, and labeling the tag with a fluorescent dye.

Maternal exposure to methylmercury causes an impairment in ependymal cilia motility in the third ventricle and dilation of lateral ventricles in mice offspring.

Background: Although maternal MeHg-exposure causes hydrocephalus in the offspring of mice, its pathogenesis has not been fully explained. In the present study, we examined the issue of how maternal MeHg-exposure in mice affects ependymal ciliary movement in the offspring and whether the lateral ventricles in offspring show dilation.

Methods: Pregnant mice were given drinking water containing 0, 10, or 20 mg/L MeHg, or a single dose of 2 mg/kg MeHg.

Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution over Exfoliated Rh-Doped Titanate Nanosheets.

Various amounts of Rh-doped titanate nanosheets (TiNS:Rh(), where is doped amount) were prepared to develop a new nanostructured photocatalyst based on metal oxide compounds that can split water to produce H under sunlight. TiNS:Rh() was obtained by acid exchange, intercalation, and exfoliation of Rh-doped layered sodium titanate compound (NaTi Rh O). A new energy gap was found in the diffuse reflection spectrum of the TiNS:Rh() colloidal suspension solution; this new energy gap corresponds to electrons in the 4d level of Rh or Rh, which are doped in the Ti site.

Discriminant analysis and interpretation of nuclear chromatin distribution and coarseness using gray-level co-occurrence matrix features for lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia.

Background: Lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH) is a disease considered to be the origin of tumorigenesis of minimal deviation adenocarcinoma, which has characteristic expression in the gastric pyloric mucosa. It is difficult to diagnose by nuclear findings because of lower nuclear atypia. In this study, nuclei of endocervical (EC) and LEGH cells were digitized, and nuclear information was quantified from nuclear images and objectively evaluated using a computer.

Polymorphic Region-Specific Antibody for Evaluation of Affinity-Associated Profile of Chimeric Antigen Receptor.

Antibody applications in cancer immunotherapy involve diverse strategies, some of which redirect T cell-mediated immunity via engineered antibodies. Affinity is a trait that is crucial for these strategies, as optimal affinity reduces unwanted side effects while retaining therapeutic function. Antibody-antigen pairs possessing a broad affinity range are required to define optimal affinity and to investigate the affinity-associated functional profiles of T cell-engaging strategies such as bispecific antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells.

Concatenated Composite Pulses Applied to Liquid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.

The error-robust and short composite operations named ConCatenated Composite Pulses (CCCPs), developed as high-precision unitary operations in quantum information processing (QIP), are derived from composite pulses widely employed in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). CCCPs simultaneously compensate for two types of systematic errors, which was not possible with the known composite pulses in NMR. Our experiments demonstrate that CCCPs are powerful and versatile tools not only in QIP but also in NMR.