The potential role of machine learning and deep learning in differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and FTD using imaging biomarkers: A review.

Introduction: The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases has significantly increased, necessitating a deeper understanding of their symptoms, diagnostic processes, and prevention strategies. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two prominent neurodegenerative conditions that present diagnostic challenges due to overlapping symptoms. To address these challenges, experts utilize a range of imaging techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), functional MRI (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

Structural Similarity in Natural Products Leading to Sample Misidentification: A Case Study of the Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids Oxyacanthine and Berbamine.

The similar structures of natural compounds and the absence of NMR data for commercial products raise the risk of misidentification. This work reports a case in which purchased samples labeled as "berbamine" from 14 suppliers are oxyacanthine (). The NMR data of all purchased samples were consistent.

Fluorescent N-Doped Carbon Dots as a Biocompatible Sensor for Thiophanate-Methyl Detection.

An eco-friendly nitrogen-passivated carbon dot (N-CDs)-based fluorescent sensor was designed for the selective and sensitive detection of thiophanate-methyl, a widely applied fungicide in agriculture. The synthesized N-CDs exhibited robust fluorescence and remarkable photostability, which contributed to the sensor's performance. Notably, the sensor achieved a detection limit as low as 4.

Two-Dimensional Material-Based Nanofluidic Devices and Their Applications.

Nanofluidics is an interdisciplinary field of study that bridges hydrodynamics, statistical physics, chemistry, materials science, biology, and other fields to investigate the transport of fluids and ions on the nanometric scale. The progress in this field, however, has been constrained by challenges in fabricating nanofluidic devices suitable for systematic investigations. Recent advances in two-dimensional (2D) materials have revolutionized the development of nanofluids.

Impact of PM, relative humidity, and temperature on sleep quality: a cross-sectional study in Taipei.

Introduction: TWe investigated impacts of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM), relative humidity (RH), and temperature on sleep stages and arousal.

Materials And Methods: A cross-sectional analysis involving 8,611 participants was conducted at a sleep center in Taipei.

Potential challenges to harmonize post-stroke cognitive assessment and its prognostic value: a narrative review.

With advances in scientific and clinical knowledge, stroke has evolved from a major cause of death to a chronic condition affecting the daily lives of sufferers, their relatives, and society. Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is common even among individuals with good neurological recovery. When deciding on interventions aimed to improve the life quality of post-stroke patients, identifying those at high risk of cognitive decline proves crucial.

3D-Printed PCL-Based Scaffolds with High Nanosized Synthetic Smectic Clay Content: Fabrication, Mechanical Properties, and Biological Evaluation for Bone Tissue Engineering.

Background: The 3D printing of macro- and mesoporous biomimetic grafts composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) infused with nanosized synthetic smectic clay is a promising innovation in biomaterials for bone tissue engineering (BTE). The main challenge lies in achieving a uniform distribution of nanoceramics across low to high concentrations within the polymer matrix while preserving mechanical properties and biological performance essential for successful osseointegration.

Methods: This study utilized 3D printing to fabricate PCL scaffolds enriched with nanosized synthetic smectic clay (LAP) to evaluate its effects on structural, chemical, thermal, mechanical, and degradative properties, with a focus on in vitro biological performance and non-toxicity.

Insights into Interlayer Dislocation Augmented Zinc-Ion Storage Kinetics in MoS Nanosheets for Rocking-Chair Zinc-Ion Batteries with Ultralong Cycle-Life.

Increasing attention to sustainability and cost-effectiveness in energy storage sector has catalyzed the rise of rechargeable Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs). However, finding replacement for limited cycle-life Zn-anode is a major challenge. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS), an insertion-type 2D layered material, has shown promising characteristics as a ZIB anode.

Porphyrin-based Vinylene-linked 3D Covalent Organic Framework with Unprecedented cya Topology for Photocatalytic H2O2 Production.

Designing and realizing new topologies represent one of the most important ways toward developing new structures and functionalities for molecule-based frameworks including SOFs, MOFs, and COFs. Herein, Aldol condensation between 5,10,15,20-tetrayl(tetrakis(([1,1':3',1''-terphenyl]-4,4''-dicarbaldehyde)))-porphyrin (TTEP) and 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-triazine (TMT) affords the vinylene-linked 3D covalent organic framework Por-COF-cya. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) in combination with structural simulation reveals its high crystalline structure with an unprecedented cya topology in the molecule-based frameworks reported thus far.

Intermittent Fasting Enhances Motor Coordination Through Myelin Preservation in Aged Mice.

Integrating dietary interventions have been extensively studied for their health benefits, such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and aging. However, it is necessary to fully understand the mechanisms of long-term effects and practical applications of these dietary interventions for health. A 10-week intermittent fasting (IMF) regimen was implemented on the aging animals in the current study.

LiZrF-based electrolytes for durable lithium metal batteries.

Lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs) are promising for high-energy-density rechargeable batteries. However, Li dendrites formed by the reaction between highly active Li and non-aqueous electrolytes lead to safety concerns and rapid capacity decay. Developing a reliable solid-electrolyte interphase is critical for realizing high-rate and long-life LMBs, but remains technically challenging.

Light-harvesting microelectronic devices for wireless electrosynthesis.

High-throughput experimentation (HTE) has accelerated academic and industrial chemical research in reaction development and drug discovery and has been broadly applied in many domains of organic chemistry. However, application of HTE in electrosynthesis-an enabling tool for chemical synthesis-has been limited by a dearth of suitable standardized reactors. Here we report the development of microelectronic devices, which are produced using standard nanofabrication techniques, to enable wireless electrosynthesis on the microlitre scale.

Accurate predictions on small data with a tabular foundation model.

Tabular data, spreadsheets organized in rows and columns, are ubiquitous across scientific fields, from biomedicine to particle physics to economics and climate science. The fundamental prediction task of filling in missing values of a label column based on the rest of the columns is essential for various applications as diverse as biomedical risk models, drug discovery and materials science. Although deep learning has revolutionized learning from raw data and led to numerous high-profile success stories, gradient-boosted decision trees have dominated tabular data for the past 20 years.

Computational microscopy with coherent diffractive imaging and ptychography.

Microscopy and crystallography are two essential experimental methodologies for advancing modern science. They complement one another, with microscopy typically relying on lenses to image the local structures of samples, and crystallography using diffraction to determine the global atomic structure of crystals. Over the past two decades, computational microscopy, encompassing coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) and ptychography, has advanced rapidly, unifying microscopy and crystallography to overcome their limitations.

Perceiving inter-leg speed differences while walking on a split-belt treadmill.

Walking is one of the most common forms of self-motion in humans. Most humans can walk effortlessly over flat uniform terrain, but also a variety of more challenging surfaces, as they adjust their gait to the demands of the terrain. In this, they rely in part on the perception of their own gait and of when it needs to be adjusted.

Second harmonic generation imaging reveals entanglement of collagen fibers in the elephant trunk skin dermis.

Form-function relationships often have tradeoffs: if a material is tough, it is often inflexible, and vice versa. This is particularly relevant for the elephant trunk, where the skin should be protective yet elastic. To investigate how this is achieved, we used classical histochemical staining and second harmonic generation microscopy to describe the morphology and composition of elephant trunk skin.

AFM observation of protein translocation mediated by one unit of SecYEG-SecA complex.

Protein translocation across cellular membranes is an essential and nano-scale dynamic process. In the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, the core proteins in this process are a membrane protein complex, SecYEG, corresponding to the eukaryotic Sec61 complex, and a cytoplasmic protein, SecA ATPase. Despite more than three decades of extensive research on Sec proteins, from genetic experiments to cutting-edge single-molecule analyses, no study has visually demonstrated protein translocation.

Predicting cell morphological responses to perturbations using generative modeling.

Advancements in high-throughput screenings enable the exploration of rich phenotypic readouts through high-content microscopy, expediting the development of phenotype-based drug discovery. However, analyzing large and complex high-content imaging screenings remains challenging due to incomplete sampling of perturbations and the presence of technical variations between experiments. To tackle these shortcomings, we present IMage Perturbation Autoencoder (IMPA), a generative style-transfer model predicting morphological changes of perturbations across genetic and chemical interventions.

Multi-site, multi-vendor development and validation of a deep learning model for liver stiffness prediction using abdominal biparametric MRI.

Background: Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Liver stiffness, as measured by MR elastography (MRE), is well-accepted as a surrogate marker of liver fibrosis.

Purpose: To develop and validate deep learning (DL) models for predicting MRE-derived liver stiffness using routine clinical non-contrast abdominal T1-weighted (T1w) and T2-weighted (T2w) data from multiple institutions/system manufacturers in pediatric and adult patients.

The influence of time and implants in high-dose rate image-guided adaptive brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer.

Purpose: To compare the clinical outcomes of two different schedules of modern image-guided adaptive brachytherapy (IGABT) in patients underwent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and high-dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy (BT) for locally advanced cervical cancer treated (LACC) METHODS AND MATERIALS: Data from medical records of all consecutive patients with histologically proven cervical cancer (FIGO 2018 stage IB-IVA) treated by HDR-BT after CCRT at our institution between 2016 and 2021 were reviewed.

Results: Two hundred and 8 patients with LACC FIGO 2018 stages (IB 20.7%; II 26.

Status in Brain Gliomas Can Be Predicted by the Spherical Mean MRI Technique.

Background And Purpose: Diffuse gliomas, a heterogeneous group of primary brain tumors, have traditionally been stratified by histology, but recent insights into their molecular features, especially the mutation status, have fundamentally changed their classification and prognosis. Current diagnostic methods, still predominantly relying on invasive biopsy, necessitate the exploration of noninvasive imaging alternatives for glioma characterization.

Materials And Methods: In this prospective study, we investigated the utility of the spherical mean technique (SMT) in predicting the status and histologic grade of adult-type diffuse gliomas.

Investigating Neurometabolite Changes in Response to Median Nerve Stimulation.

Background: Rhythmic median nerve stimulation (MNS) at 10 Hz has been shown to cause a substantial reduction in tic frequency in individuals with Tourette syndrome. The mechanism of action is currently unknown but is hypothesized to involve entrainment of oscillations within the sensorimotor cortex.

Objective: We used functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) to explore the dynamic effects of MNS on neurometabolite concentrations.

Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer: updates and best practices for multiplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) image analysis and data sharing.

Objectives: Multiplex immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence (mIHC/IF) are emerging technologies that can be used to help define complex immunophenotypes in tissue, quantify immune cell subsets, and assess the spatial arrangement of marker expression. mIHC/IF assays require concerted efforts to optimize and validate the multiplex staining protocols prior to their application on slides. The best practice guidelines for staining and validation of mIHC/IF assays across platforms were previously published by this task force.

Gellan-amino acid hydrogel-based bioreactor for optimizing the production of yeast metabolites.

Hydrogels mimic natural environments due to their hydrated, polymeric networks which are beneficial for microorganism growth. The substantial water content maintains a consistently moist environment, and porous structure of hydrogel promotes efficient nutrient transfer and cell distribution, offering advantages over traditional liquid bioreactors. While their application in cell immobilization for bioconversion is well-known, their use as a solid-state fermentation matrix remains unexplored.

Polymeric saccharides: Effect on physical characteristics and creaminess perception of non-fat whipped cream analogue.

In this study, the improvement effects of different polymeric saccharides, including native starch, maltodextrin and inulin, replacing 10 % sucrose on the physical characteristics and creaminess perception of non-fat whipped cream system were investigated. Systems containing maltodextrin had more uniform particle size and bubble distribution. This resulted in higher whipping performance and lower friction characteristics.