Laparoscopic Vesicovaginal Fistula Repair with Limited Cystotomy: A Rewarding Treatment Option.

Introduction: Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) is the most common type of urogenital fistula. Gynecologic surgery is the most common cause associated with it. Laparoscopic approach for VVF repair gives the benefit of minimally invasive surgery with principles similar to open transabdominal approach.

Evaluation of Long Term Effect of RV Apical Pacing on Global LV Function by Echocardiography.

Introduction: We very often face pacemaker implanted patients during follow-up with shortness of breath and effort intolerance inspite of normal clinical parameters.

Aim: The aim of our study is to evaluate the cause of effort intolerance and probable cause of sub-clinical Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF) in a case of long term Right Ventricular (RV) apical pacing on global Left Ventricular (LV) function non- invasively by echocardiography.

Materials And Methods: We studied 54 patients (Male 42, Female 12) of complete heart block (CHB) with RV apical pacing (40 VVI and 14 DCP).

Natriuretic peptides: Diagnostic and therapeutic use.

Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are hormones which are mainly secreted from heart and have important natriuretic and kaliuretic properties. There are four different groups NPs identified till date [atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and dendroaspis natriuretic peptide, a D-type natriuretic peptide (DNP)], each with its own characteristic functions. The N-terminal part of the prohormone of BNP, NT-proBNP, is secreted alongside BNP and has been documented to have important diagnostic value in heart failure.