A family of NADPH/NADP biosensors reveals in vivo dynamics of central redox metabolism across eukaryotes.

The NADPH/NADP redox couple is central to metabolism and redox signalling. NADP redox state is differentially regulated by distinct enzymatic machineries at the subcellular compartment level. Nonetheless, a detailed understanding of subcellular NADP redox dynamics is limited by the availability of appropriate tools.

Dissecting and optimizing bioactivities of chitosans by enzymatic modification.

Chitosans are versatile biopolymers with antimicrobial and plant-strengthening properties relevant to agriculture. However, a limited understanding of molecular structure-function relationships and cellular modes of action of chitosans hampers the development of effective chitosan-based agro-biologics. We partially hydrolyzed a chitosan polymer (degree of polymerization DP 800, fraction of acetylation F 0.

Molecular detection and sequencing of beet necrotic yellow vein virus and beet cryptic virus 2 in sugar beet from Kazakhstan.

Introduction: Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is a common viral pathogen that causes considerable economic loss globally. In the present study, a commercial realtime PCR test system and custom loop mediated amplification primers were used to detect the virus in asymptomatic sugar beet samples.

Methods: A total of 107 of 124 samples tested positive for the presence of the A type BNYVV coat protein gene.

Gene Expression Analysis for Drought Tolerance in Early Stage of Potato Plant Development.

Drought has increasingly affected the yield of L. (potato) every year over the last decade, posing serious economic problems for the global agricultural industry. Therefore, it is important to research drought tolerance in plants and obtain more robust varieties of crops.

Assessment of Complete Plastid Genome Sequences of Regel and Regel Species from Kazakhstan.

Background: species are economically, culturally, scientifically, and ecologically important. Tulips present taxonomic complexities that cannot be adequately resolved by examining their morphological characteristics alone or by relying on a limited selection of genetic markers.

Methods: In the present study, we assessed the complete plastid sequences of Regel and Regel collected from Kazakhstan.

Tools to understand hypoxia responses in plant tissues.

Our understanding of how low oxygen (O2) conditions arise in plant tissues and how they shape specific responses has seen major advancement in recent years. Important drivers have been (1) the discovery of the molecular machinery that underpins plant O2 sensing; and (2) a growing set of dedicated tools to define experimental conditions and assess plant responses with increasing accuracy and resolution. While some of those tools, such as the Clark-type O2 electrode, were established decades ago, recent customization has set entirely new standards and enabled novel research avenues in plant hypoxia research.

The kinase NEK6 positively regulates LSD1 activity and accumulation in local chromatin sub-compartments.

LSD1 plays a crucial role in mammalian biology, regulated through interactions with coregulators and post-translational modifications. Here we show that the kinase NEK6 stimulates LSD1 activity in cells and observe a strong colocalization of NEK6 and LSD1 at distinct chromatin sub-compartments (CSCs). We demonstrate that LSD1 is a substrate for NEK6 phosphorylation at the N-terminal intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of LSD1, which shows phase separation behavior in vitro and in cells.

The chloroplast ATP synthase redox domain in eludes activity regulation for heterotrophic dark metabolism.

To maintain CO fixation in the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, multistep regulation of the chloroplast ATP synthase (CFF) is crucial to balance the ATP output of photosynthesis with protection of the apparatus. A well-studied mechanism is thiol modulation; a light/dark regulation through reversible cleavage of a disulfide in the CFF γ-subunit. The disulfide hampers ATP synthesis and hydrolysis reactions in dark-adapted CFF from land plants by increasing the required transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient ([Formula: see text]).

Axon demyelination and degeneration in a zebrafish model of hereditary spastic paraplegia.

Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a diverse set of neurological disorders characterized by progressive spasticity and weakness in the lower limbs caused by damage to the axons of the corticospinal tract. More than 88 genetic mutations have been associated with HSP, yet the mechanisms underlying these disorders are not well understood. We replicated the pathophysiology of one form of HSP known as spastic paraplegia 15 (SPG15) in zebrafish.

Evaluation of Gene Expression in Sugar Beet Hybrids Infected with Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus.

Sugar beet hybrids are essential in modern agriculture due to their superior yields, disease resistance, and adaptability. This study investigates the role of the gene in conferring resistance to beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) in 14 sugar beet hybrids cultivated in Kazakhstan, including local and European varieties. The gene, encoding a CC-NB-LRR protein, is a known resistance factor against BNYVV.

Apolipoprotein E aggregation in microglia initiates Alzheimer's disease pathology by seeding β-amyloidosis.

The seeded growth of pathogenic protein aggregates underlies the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but how this pathological cascade is initiated is not fully understood. Sporadic AD is linked genetically to apolipoprotein E (APOE) and other genes expressed in microglia related to immune, lipid, and endocytic functions. We generated a transgenic knockin mouse expressing HaloTag-tagged APOE and optimized experimental protocols for the biochemical purification of APOE, which enabled us to identify fibrillary aggregates of APOE in mice with amyloid-β (Aβ) amyloidosis and in human AD brain autopsies.

Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Plant Adaptation Traits Using Nested Association Mapping Population.

This study evaluated 290 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of the nested association mapping (NAM) population from the UK. The population derived from 24 families, where a common parent was "Paragon," one of the UK's spring wheat cultivar standards. All genotypes were tested in two regions of Kazakhstan at the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Industry (KRIAPI, Almaty region, Southeast Kazakhstan, 2019-2022 years) and Alexandr Barayev Scientific-Production Center for Grain Farming (SPCGF, Shortandy, Akmola region, Northern Kazakhstan, 2019-2022 years).

Light Changes Promote Distinct Responses of Plastid Protein Acetylation Marks.

Protein acetylation is a key co- and post-translational modification. However, how different types of acetylation respond to environmental stress is still unknown. To address this, we investigated the role of a member of the newly discovered family of plastid acetyltransferases (GNAT2), which features both lysine- and N-terminal acetyltransferase activities.

In vivo biosensing of subcellular pyruvate pools reveals photosynthesis-dependent metabolite dynamics in Nicotiana benthamiana.

Pyruvate is central to metabolism across biology. It acts as a metabolic hub linking major pathways including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, fermentation, and synthesis of amino acids, fatty acids, isoprenoids, and nucleotides. Even though the central role of pyruvate is well established biochemically, there is a remarkable gap in our understanding of how pyruvate levels behave within cells, where pyruvate is distributed across different compartments.

Mitochondrial ß-Cyanoalanine Synthase Participates in flg22-Induced Stomatal Immunity.

Plants regulate gas exchange with the environment and modulate transpirational water flow through guard cells, which set the aperture of the stomatal pores. External and internal stimuli are detected by guard cells and integrated into a signalling network that modulate turgor pressure and, hence, pore size. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are among the stimuli that induce stomatal closure, to prevent pathogen entry through the pores, and this response, also referred to as stomatal immunity, is one of the hallmarks of PAMP-triggered immunity.

Identification of quantitative trait loci of pod dehiscence in a collection of soybean grown in the southeast of Kazakhstan.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is one of the important crops that are constantly increasing their cultivation area in Kazakhstan.

Complete Plastid Genome Sequences of Four Salsoleae s.l. Species: Comparative and Phylogenetic Analyses.

The taxonomic classification of the genera L., Akhani and Roalson, and Tzvelev within Chenopodiaceae Vent. (Amaranthaceae s.

Light-Driven H Production in : Lessons from Engineering of Photosynthesis.

In the green alga , hydrogen production is catalyzed via the [FeFe]-hydrogenases HydA1 and HydA2. The electrons required for the catalysis are transferred from ferredoxin (FDX) towards the hydrogenases. In the light, ferredoxin receives its electrons from photosystem I (PSI) so that H production becomes a fully light-driven process.

Regulation of Microalgal Photosynthetic Electron Transfer.

The global ecosystem relies on the metabolism of photosynthetic organisms, featuring the ability to harness light as an energy source. The most successful type of photosynthesis utilizes a virtually inexhaustible electron pool from water, but the driver of this oxidation, sunlight, varies on time and intensity scales of several orders of magnitude. Such rapid and steep changes in energy availability are potentially devastating for biological systems.

Mitochondrial respiration is essential for photosynthesis-dependent ATP supply of the plant cytosol.

Plants rely on solar energy to synthesize ATP and NADPH for photosynthetic carbon fixation and all cellular need. Mitochondrial respiration is essential in plants, but this may be due to heterotrophic bottlenecks during plant development or because it is also necessary in photosynthetically active cells. In this study, we examined in vivo changes of cytosolic ATP concentration in response to light, employing a biosensing strategy in the moss Physcomitrium patens and revealing increased cytosolic ATP concentration caused by photosynthetic activity.