The acclimation of Chlorella to high-level nitrite for potential application in biological NOx removal from industrial flue gases.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are the components of fossil flue gas that give rise to the greatest environmental concerns. This study evaluated the ability of the green algae Chlorella to acclimate to high level of NOx and the potential utilization of Chlorella strains in biological NOx removal (DeNOx) from industrial flue gases. Fifteen Chlorella strains were subject to high-level of nitrite (HN, 176.

An informatics-based analysis of developments to date and prospects for the application of microalgae in the biological sequestration of industrial flue gas.

The excessive emission of flue gas contributes to air pollution, abnormal climate change, global warming, and sea level rises associated with glacial melting. With the ability to utilize NOx as a nitrogen source and to convert solar energy into chemical energy via CO2 fixation, microalgae can potentially reduce air pollution and relax global warming, while also enhancing biomass and biofuel production as well as the production of high-value-added products. This informatics-based review analyzes the trends in the related literature and in patent activity to draw conclusions and to offer a prospective view on the developments of microalgae for industrial flue gas biosequestration.

Effective Biological DeNOx of Industrial Flue Gas by the Mixotrophic Cultivation of an Oil-Producing Green Alga Chlorella sp. C2.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are the components of fossil flue gas that result in the most serious environmental concerns. We previously showed that the biological removal of NOx by microalgae appears superior to traditional treatments. This study optimizes the strategy for the microalgal-based DeNOx of flue gas by fed-batch mixotrophic cultivation.

Ca(2+)-regulated cyclic electron flow supplies ATP for nitrogen starvation-induced lipid biosynthesis in green alga.

We previously showed that both the linear photosynthetic electron transportation rate and the respiration rate dropped significantly during N starvation-induced neutral lipid accumulation in an oil-producing microalga, Chlorella sorokiniana, and proposed a possible role for cyclic electron flow (CEF) in ATP supply. In this study, we further exploited this hypothesis in both Chlorella sorokiniana C3 and the model green alga Chlamydomonas. We found that both the rate of CEF around photosystem I and the activity of thylakoid membrane-located ATP synthetase increased significantly during N starvation to drive ATP production.

Cellulosic ethanol production by natural bacterial consortia is enhanced by Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis.

Background: Natural bacterial consortia are considered a promising solution for one-step production of ethanol from lignocellulose because of their adaptation to a wide range of natural lignocellulosic substrates and their capacity for efficient cellulose degradation. However, their low ethanol conversion efficiency has greatly limited the development and application of natural bacterial consortia.

Results: In the present study, we analyzed 16 different natural bacterial consortia from a variety of habitats in China and found that the HP consortium exhibited relatively high ethanol production (2.

ε-Iron carbide as a low-temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst.

ε-Iron carbide has been predicted to be promising for low-temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (LTFTS) targeting liquid fuel production. However, directional carbidation of metallic iron to ε-iron carbide is challenging due to kinetic hindrance. Here we show how rapidly quenched skeletal iron featuring nanocrystalline dimensions, low coordination number and an expanded lattice may solve this problem.

Rapid neutral lipid accumulation of the alkali-resistant oleaginous Monoraphidium dybowskii LB50 by NaCl induction.

NaCl is an effective inducer of lipid accumulation in freshwater microalgae, but little is known on whether the enhanced lipid components are desired. To address this issue, Monoraphidium dybowskii LB50 from a freshwater habitat was selected, cultivated, and subjected to NaCl induction at different scales outdoors. Results showed that the optimal salt concentration reduced glycolipid (GL) content, as well as enhanced neutral lipid (NL) and phospholipid (PL) contents.

Reputation-based secure sensor localization in wireless sensor networks.

Location information of sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is very important, for it makes information that is collected and reported by the sensor nodes spatially meaningful for applications. Since most current sensor localization schemes rely on location information that is provided by beacon nodes for the regular sensor nodes to locate themselves, the accuracy of localization depends on the accuracy of location information from the beacon nodes. Therefore, the security and reliability of the beacon nodes become critical in the localization of regular sensor nodes.

NaCl as an effective inducer for lipid accumulation in freshwater microalgae Desmodesmus abundans.

In order to evaluate the efficiency and potential of salt addition-based two-stage cultivation technology, on the basis of urea as nitrogen source, we compared four types of salts (NaCl, NaHCO3, NaS2O3 and NaAc) as inducers for lipid production in Desmodesmus abundans. The maximum biomass productivity (270.08mgL(-1)d(-1)) was obtained by using 0.

[Kinetic simulation of enhanced biological phosphorus removal with fermentation broth as carbon source].

As a high-quality carbon source, fermentation broth could promote the phosphorus removal efficiency in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). The transformation of substrates in EBPR fed with fermentation broth was well simulated using the modified activated sludge model No. 2 (ASM2) based on the carbon source metabolism.

[Mechanisms of the improvement in dewaterability of alkaline fermented sludge by simultaneous ammonium and phosphate recovery].

Simultaneous ammonium and phosphate recovery could notably improve the dewaterability of alkaline fermented sludge, the mechanisms of which, however, remains unclear at present. The influence of zeta potential, divalent ions, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), dissolved polymers and struvite were studied in batch experiments. Under the optimal ammonium and phosphate recovery condition [i.

When magnetic catalyst meets magnetic reactor: etherification of FCC light gasoline as an example.

The application of elaborately designed magnetic catalysts has long been limited to ease their separation from the products only. In this paper, we for the first time employed a magnetic sulphonated poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) resin catalyst on a magnetically stabilized-bed (MSB) reactor to enhance the etherification of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) light gasoline, one of the most important reactions in petroleum refining industry. We demonstrated that the catalytic performance of the magnetic acid resin catalyst on the magnetic reactor is substantially enhanced as compared to its performance on a conventional fixed-bed reactor under otherwise identical operation conditions.

[Kinetic model of enhanced biological phosphorus removal with mixed acetic and propionic acids as carbon sources. (III): Model application].

The kinetic model based on SCFAs metabolism was applied for the prediction of phosphorus-and glycogen-accumulating organisms (PAO and GAO) competition with different carbon sources and m(P)/m(COD) ratios. When acetic acid was used as the sole carbon source, the biomass compositions were almost the same as those before cultivation, and neither PAO nor GAO could be out-competed from EBPR. However, increasing propionic acid in the influent helped PAO to be the predominance organism, and EBPR performance kept excellent when the ratio of propionate to mixed acids (acetate + propionate) was higher than 0.

[Kinetic model of enhanced biological phosphorus removal with mixed acetic and propionic acids as carbon sources. (II): Process simulation].

Two groups of sequencing batch reactors were used to study the metabolism substrate transformation of phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAO) and glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAO) fed with mixed acetic and propionic acids. Seven stoichiometry parameters and 24 kinetic parameters were contained in the PAO and GAO kinetic model, and stoichiometry parameters were deduced from the stoichiometry models, while kinetic parameters were determined by experimental results. The kinetic model parameters of stoichiometry and kinetics were determined according the experiments and the literature.

[Kinetic model of enhanced biological phosphorus removal with mixed acetic and propionic acids as carbon sources. (I): Model constitution].

Based on activated sludge model No. 2 (ASM2), the anaerobic/aerobic kinetic model of phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAO) was established with mixed short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as the base substance in enhanced biological phosphorus removal process. The characteristic of the PAO model was that the anaerobic metabolism rates of glycogen degradation, poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoates synthesis and polyphosphate hydrolysis were expressed by SCFAs uptake equation, and the effects of anaerobic maintenance on kinetics and stoichiometry were considered.

The identification of highly similar crude oils by infrared spectroscopy combined with pattern recognition method.

Based on attenuated total reflectance mid-infrared spectroscopy and moving window correlation coefficient method, a efficient analytical tool is presented for rapid identification of crude oil type. Spectra between highly similar crude oils can be easily distinguished by the spectral searching method. Compared with NIR, IR method can distinguish highly similar mixed crude oils given in the study.

[Characterization of aromatic hydrocarbons in heavy gas oil using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry].

An analytical method for separating and identifying the aromatic hydrocarbons in heavy gas oil using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC x GC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) was established. The two-dimensional distribution by ring number of the aromatic hydrocarbons was obtained. Besides phenanthrene and methyl-phenanthrene, many other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as pyrene and benzo [a] anthracene were identified by using the retention times, standard mass spectra or literature reports.

Molybdenum-molybdenum multiple bonding in homoleptic molybdenum carbonyls: comparison with their chromium analogues.

The binuclear molybdenum carbonyls Mo(2)(CO)(n) (n = 11, 10, 9, 8) have been studied by density functional theory using the BP86 and MPW1PW91 functionals. The lowest energy Mo(2)(CO)(11) structure is a singly bridged singlet structure with a Mo-Mo single bond. This structure is essentially thermoneutral toward dissociation into Mo(CO)(6) + Mo(CO)(5), suggesting limited viability similar to the analogous Cr(2)(CO)(11).

NiWO4 nanoparticles: a promising catalyst for hydrodesulfurization.

NiWO(4) nanoparticles have been facilely synthesized by a hydrothermal approach, and used as a catalyst for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene and its derivative 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene, showing a significantly higher activity than commercial NiW/Al(2)O(3).

[Determination of nitrogen compounds in catalytic gasolines by gas chromatography-nitrogen chemiluminescence detection].

A method for the separation and determination of nitrogen compounds in catalytic gasolines by gas chromatography-nitrogen chemiluminescence detection (GC-NCD) was established. The effects of the flow rate of carrier gas and the oven temperature on the resolution were studied. More than 20 nitrogen compounds, including amines, pyridine, aniline, 2-methyl aniline, 3-methyl aniline, 4-methyl aniline, quinoline, and indole, in catalytic gasoline were identified based on the retention time of some pure nitrogen compounds and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

[In-situ FTIR study of CO adsorption on Co-Mo/Al2O3 hydrodesulphurization catalysts].

Due to the implementation of more stringent specifications in sulfur content for diesel oil, a deep understanding of the active phase of Co-Mo/Al2O3 catalysts is necessary to the development of ultra-deep hydrodesulphurization (HYD) catalysts. A series of reductive Co-Mo/Al2O3 catalysts prepared in the lab and the high-active industrial catalyst (G) were studied by in-situ FTIR using CO as probe molecule. The showed a good relationship with the desulphurization activities of the catalysts.

[Distribution determination of nitrogen compounds in catalytic diesel oil using gas chromatography].

The method for the separation and determination of nitrogen compounds in catalytic diesel oil using gas chromatography-nitrogen chemiluminescence detection (GC-NCD) was established. The effects of the flow rate of carrier gas and oven temperature on the resolution were studied. More than 80 nitrogen compounds (such as aniline, alkyl anilines, quinoline, indole, alkyl indoles, carbazole, alkyl carbazoles) in catalytic diesel oil were enriched using a Al2O3 column and identified based on the retention time of some pure nitrogen compounds and the retention index of nitrogen compounds on GC-NCD.

[Developing near infrared spectroscopy calibration model of molar ratio between methanol and isobutylene by support vector regression].

In petrochemical industries, the molar ratio between methanol and isobutylene is one of the most important control parameters in methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) production plant. However, traditional on-line gas chromatography method is difficult to use in practice because of its high maintenance and low speed. On-line near infrared spectroscopy is hopeful to become an excellent alternative method for determining the parameter due to its rapidness, convenience, and less maintenance.

[Determination and distribution of sulfur compounds in coked gasoline by gas chromatography-sulfur chemiluminescence detection].

The method for the separation and determination of sulfur compounds in coked gasoline by gas chromatography-sulfur chemiluminescence detection (GC-SCD) was established. Seventy-four sulfur compounds including hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, sulfides, disulfides, thiophene, alkyl thiophenes, benzothiophene, alkyl benzothiophenes in a coked gasoline sample were identified by standard samples and past identified results. The retention indexes of different sulfur compounds in coked gasoline under programmed temperature condition were calculated based on the retention times of hydrosulfide, ethyl mercaptan, n-propyl mercaptan, thiophene, 2-methyl thiophene, 2-ethylthiophene, 2-propylthiophene, C4-thiophene (t(R) = 40.