N-of-1 Clinical Trials: A Scientific Approach to Personalized Medicine for Patients with Rare Retinal Diseases Such as Retinitis Pigmentosa.

N-of-1 trials are randomized, prospective, controlled, multiple crossover trials in a single patient. Effects of one or more treatments are studied by following individual patients who receive alternative treatments (eg, therapeutic intervention). Such trials may provide a path to assess treatments for rare diseases with rigor equal to or greater than that afforded by parallel group randomized clinical trials provided that the condition is reasonably stable during the trial and has a sign/symptom that responds reversibly to the therapy and that can be measured repeatedly.

Lollipop-Inspired Multilayered Drug Delivery Hydrogel for Dual Effective, Long-Term, and NIR-Defined Glaucoma Treatment.

Glaucoma is an ophthalmic disease that is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Eye drops are the preferred choice to reduce IOP for the treatment of glaucoma. However, the bioavailability of eye drops is low (<5%).

Second Primary Neoplasms in Patients With Sebaceous Carcinoma of the Eyelid: A Population-based Study, 2000 to 2016.

Purpose: To investigate the risk of second primary neoplasms (SPNs) after primary sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid (SCE).

Methods: Data on patients diagnosed with primary SCE as their first malignancy were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 2000 to 2016. Observed-to-expected ratios of SPNs were calculated to estimate standardized incidence ratios (SIRs).

Force of lifelong crystalline lens growth: chronic traumatic mechanical insult to the choroid.

Purpose: To calculate the forces applied to the uvea and retina as a result of lifelong crystalline lens growth.

Design: Retrospective study.

Setting: MRI Research, Inc.

Diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation causes intraocular collamer lens displacement in pseudophakic eye: a case report.

Background: With the rapid development of intraocular collamer lens (ICL) operation, it is foreseeable that we will encounter a large number of glaucoma patients with ICL implantation history. However, our current understanding of the treatment of glaucoma patients with ICL is limited. Hence we report a rare case of refractory glaucoma after intraocular collamer lens and intraocular lens implantation in a patient who underwent unsuccessful transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, which led to intraocular collamer lens displacement, angle closure and uncontrolled intraocular pressure.

Early efficacy of teprotumumab for the treatment of dysthyroid optic neuropathy: A multicenter study.

Purpose: To study post-interventional findings in patients with dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) treated with teprotumumab.

Observations: In this multicenter observational Case series patients with DON were treated with teprotumumab, an insulin-like growth factor I receptor inhibitor (10 mg/kg for the first infusion then 20 mg/kg for subsequent infusions, every three weeks for a total 8 infusions). This study included patients with acute and chronic thyroid eye disease (TED) with DON who had failed conventional therapies and were not candidates for surgical decompression.

Repository Corticotropin Injection as an Alternative Treatment for Refractory Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to report the clinical course and outcome of patients with refractory ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) treated by repository corticotropin injection (RCI).

Methods: Patients with biopsy-proven ocular MMP treated with RCI from 3 tertiary medical centers were evaluated. Medical records between January 2013 and January 2021 were reviewed and deidentified to retrieve relevant disease-related data.

Anti-VEGF-resistant subretinal fluid is associated with better vision and reduced risk of macular atrophy.

Background/aim: To evaluate relationships between subretinal fluid (SRF), macular atrophy (MA) and visual outcomes in ranibizumab-treated neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).

Methods: This post hoc HARBOR trial (NCT00891735) analysis included ranibizumab-treated (0.5 or 2.

Management of repository corticotropin injection therapy for non-infectious uveitis: a Delphi study.

Purpose: Diagnosis and management of non-infectious uveitis (NIU), a major cause of blindness worldwide, are challenging. Corticosteroids, the cornerstone of therapy, are not appropriate for long-term use, and while non-biologic and biologic immunomodulators may be used for some patients, data on their efficacy and safety in this population are limited. Repository corticotropin injection (RCI), believed to affect uveitis by multiple mechanisms, has received regulatory approval for treatment of ophthalmic diseases including posterior uveitis, but is not widely used or discussed in guidelines for the management of uveitis and ocular inflammatory diseases.

Angiopoietin/Tie2 signalling and its role in retinal and choroidal vascular diseases: a review of preclinical data.

The angopoietin/tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domains (Ang/Tie) pathway is an emerging key regulator in vascular development and maintenance. Its relevance to clinicians and basic scientists as a potential therapeutic target in retinal and choroidal vascular diseases is highlighted by recent preclinical and clinical evidence. The Ang/Tie pathway plays an important role in the regulation of vascular stability, in angiogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions, as well as in inflammation.

ROCK inhibition reduces morphological and functional damage to rod synapses after retinal injury.

Retinal detachment (RD) causes damage, including disjunction, of the rod photoreceptor-bipolar synapse, which disrupts vision and may contribute to the poor visual recovery observed after retinal reattachment surgery. We created a model of iatrogenic RD in adult female pigs to study damage to the rod-bipolar synapse after injury and the ability of a highly specific Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitor to preserve synaptic structure and function. This model mimics procedures used in humans when viral vectors or cells are injected subretinally for treatment of retinal disease.

Trabecular Microbypass Stent and Phacoemulsification in African American Patients With Open-angle Glaucoma: Outcomes and Effect of Prior Laser Trabeculoplasty.

Precis: In African American patients with glaucoma, iStent/phacoemulsification lowered intraocular pressure and reduced glaucoma medication usage for up to 1 year, even in patients with prior selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT).

Purpose: Currently, no studies have examined the outcomes of a trabecular microbypass stent and phacoemulsification in African American patients. Here, the authors investigate whether iStent/phacoemulsification decreases intraocular pressure (IOP) and/or medication usage in African American patients with glaucoma.

The effects of low-color-temperature dual-primary-color light-emitting diodes on three kinds of retinal cells.

Long-term illumination of the retina with blue-light-excited phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (LEDs) may result in decreased retinal function, even if the levels of blue light emitted are low. New low-color-temperature dual-primary-color LEDs have been developed that are composed of only two LED chips: a red chip and a yellow chip. These LEDs are expected to become a new type of healthy lighting source because they do not emit blue light, they lack phosphor, and they solve the problem of low efficiency encountered with phosphor-converted low-color-temperature LEDs.

Cicatrizing conjunctivitis as an uncommon manifestation of primary Sjögren's syndrome.

Purpose: To report occurrence of cicatrizing conjunctivitis as an extraglandular ocular manifestation of primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS).

Methods: Medical charts of all patients with SS evaluated at two tertiary ophthalmological referral centers were reviewed. Patients who demonstrated clinical findings of cicatrizing conjunctivitis were included in this review.

EARLY RETINAL MICROVASCULAR ABNORMALITIES IN YOUNG ADULTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS WITHOUT CLINICALLY EVIDENT DIABETIC RETINOPATHY.

Purpose: To characterize the early retinal microvascular changes in young adults (age: 22.69 ± 3.50 years) with Type 1 diabetes mellitus without clinically detectable diabetic retinopathy using optical coherence tomography angiography and investigate the associated factors.

Gender Compensation Gap for Ophthalmologists in the First Year of Clinical Practice.

Purpose: To identify the role of gender and other factors in influencing ophthalmologists' compensation.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Participants: U.

Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Therapeutic Management and New-Upcoming Approaches.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) constitutes a prevalent, chronic, and progressive retinal degenerative disease of the macula that affects elderly people and cause central vision impairment. Despite therapeutic advances in the management of neovascular AMD, none of the currently used treatments cures the disease or reverses its course. Medical treatment of neovascular AMD experienced a significant advance due to the introduction of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors (anti-VEGF), which dramatically changed the prognosis of the disease.

Demographic trends of open globe injuries in a large inpatient sample.

Purpose: To evaluate demographic trends of open globe injuries (OGIs) using a large dataset representative of United States population.

Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional observational study using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2002 to 2013. Only patients with a primary admitting diagnosis of OGI were included.

Risk factors for central retinal vein occlusion in young adults.

Purpose: Several risk factors have been identified for central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) in older population. CRVO in young is uncommon, and the risk factors for this group are unclear. This large retrospective, cross-sectional study used the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to evaluate the risk factors for CRVO in patients 18 to 40 years of age.

Endogenous Endophthalmitis in an Urban University Setting: Characteristics, Treatment, and Outcomes.

Purpose: This work describes the characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of endogenous endophthalmitis (EE) cases over 13 years at a tertiary care hospital.

Methods: This retrospective case series included EE cases from 2006 to 2018. Eyes were categorized by cultured organism and initial treatment status.

Resveratrol protects retinal ganglion cells against ischemia induced damage by increasing Opa1 expression.

Loss of idiopathic retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) leads to irreversible vision defects and is considered the primary characteristic of glaucoma. However, effective treatment strategies in terms of RGC neuroprotection remain elusive. In the present study, the protective effects of resveratrol on RGC apoptosis, and the mechanisms underlying its effects were investigated, with a particular emphasis on the function of optic atrophy 1 (Opa1).