Antibiotic-Resistant in Wastewater of Abattoirs.

Antibiotic-resistant are regularly detected in livestock. As pathogens, they cause difficult-to-treat infections and, as commensals, they may serve as a source of resistance genes for other bacteria. Slaughterhouses produce significant amounts of wastewater containing antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (AMRB), which are released into the environment.

Holstein dairy cows with high phosphorus utilization efficiency fed a low phosphorous diet secreted less phosphorus with urine but more with milk and feces.

The environmental pollution of phosphorus (P) from livestock farming is becoming increasingly problematic especially with regard to dwindling global P resources. Thus, a more sustainable handling of P resources, including improvements in P use efficiency and a reduction of P loss from farm animals, is necessary. Dairy cows may differ in milk P yield and P use efficiency despite receiving the same feed ration.

Differences in net fat oxidation, heat production, and liver mitochondrial DNA copy numbers between high and low feed-efficient dairy cows.

Improving feed utilization efficiency in dairy cattle could have positive economic and environmental effects that would support the sustainability of the dairy industry. Identifying key differences in metabolism between high and low feed-efficient animals is vital to enhancing feed conversion efficiency. Therefore, our objectives were (1) to determine whether cows grouped by either high or low feed efficiency have measurable differences in net fat and carbohydrate metabolism that account for differences in heat production (HP), and if so, whether these differences also exists under conditions of feed withdrawal when the effect of feeding on HP is minimized, and (2) to determine whether the abundance of mitochondria in the liver can be related to the high or low feed-efficient groups.

Differentially Expressed Gene Patterns in Ascarid-Infected Chickens of Higher- or Lower-Performing Genotypes.

Here, we describe the first transcriptomic investigation of the peripheral blood of chickens exposed to and infections. We investigated differentially expressed gene (DEG) patterns in two chicken genotypes with either a higher (Lohmann Brown Plus, LB) or lower (Lohmann Dual, LD) laying performance level. The hens were experimentally coinfected with and , and their worm burdens and infection parameters were determined six weeks post infection.

Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Subcutaneous and Omental Adipose Tissue Reveals Increased Lipid Turnover in Dairy Cows Supplemented with Conjugated Linoleic Acid.

Phosphoproteomics is a cutting-edge technique that can be utilized to explore adipose tissue (AT) metabolism by quantifying the repertoire of phospho-peptides (PP) in AT. Dairy cows were supplemented with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, = 5) or a control diet (CON, = 5) from 63 d prepartum to 63 d postpartum; cows were slaughtered at 63 d postpartum and AT was collected. We performed a quantitative phosphoproteomics analysis of subcutaneous (SC) and omental (OM) AT using nanoUPLC-MS/MS and examined the effects of CLA supplementation on the change in the phosphoproteome.

Modulation of colostrum composition and fatty acid status in neonatal calves by maternal supplementation with essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid starting in late lactation.

Sufficient maternal supply of essential fatty acids (EFA) to neonatal calves is critical for calf development. In the modern dairy cow, EFA supply has shifted from α-linolenic acid (ALA) to linoleic acid (LA) due to the replacement of pasture feeding by corn silage-based diets. As a consequence of reduced pasture feeding, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) provision by rumen biohydrogenation was also reduced.

Effects of milk replacer meal size on feed intake, growth performance, and blood metabolites and hormones of calves fed milk replacer with or without butyrate ad libitum: A cluster-analytic approach.

This study intended to classify ad libitum-fed calves according to their milk replacer (MR) meal size using the K-means clustering approach. This study aimed to investigate the effects of MR meal size on feed intake, growth performance, and blood metabolic and hormones of ad libitum MR-fed calves. German Holstein calves (16 male and 16 female) were studied from birth until d 77 of age.

Glucose metabolism and the somatotropic axis in dairy cows after abomasal infusion of essential fatty acids together with conjugated linoleic acid during late gestation and early lactation.

Sufficient glucose availability is crucial for exploiting the genetic potential of milk production during early lactation, and endocrine changes are mainly related to repartitioning of nutrient supplies toward the mammary gland. Long-chain fatty acids, such as essential fatty acids (EFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), have the potential to improve negative energy balance and modify endocrine changes. In the present study, the hypothesis that combined CLA and EFA treatment supports glucose metabolism around the time of calving and stimulates insulin action and the somatotropic axis in cows in an additive manner was tested.

Influences of Maternal Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Essential Fatty Acid Supply During Late Pregnancy and Early Lactation on T and B Cell Subsets in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes and the Small Intestine of Neonatal Calves.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers are known for their health-promoting effects in mammals and metabolic functions in dairy cows and are synthesized in the forestomach depending on essential fatty acid (EFA) intake. The current preliminary study investigated effects of a maternal fatty acid supplementation (MFAS) during late pregnancy and early lactation with coconut oil (CON, control), CLA (Lutalin®), or CLA + EFA (Lutalin® linseed oil; safflower oil) on plasma fatty acid composition and T and B cell subsets in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and the small intestine of 5-day-old calves. MFAS of CLA + EFA increased α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, and -3 fatty acid proportions in calf plasma fat on days 1 and 5 after birth ( < 0.

Improving robustness and accuracy of predicted daily methane emissions of dairy cows using milk mid-infrared spectra.

Background: A robust proxy for estimating methane (CH ) emissions of individual dairy cows would be valuable especially for selective breeding. This study aimed to improve the robustness and accuracy of prediction models that estimate daily CH emissions from milk Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectra by (i) increasing the reference dataset and (ii) adjusting for routinely recorded phenotypic information. Prediction equations for CH were developed using a combined dataset including daily CH measurements (n = 1089; g d ) collected using the SF tracer technique (n = 513) and measurements using respiration chambers (RC, n = 576).

Fine Grinding or Expanding as Pre-treatment for Pelleting in Processing Diets Varying in Dietary Rapeseed Expeller Proportions: Investigations on Performance, Visceral Organs, and Immunological Traits of Broilers.

Pelleted feed is associated with improved broiler performance but also with a higher incidence of proventricular dilatation and ascites. The present study aimed to investigate influences of expanded and pelleted (ExP) or finely ground and pelleted feeds (FgP) containing either 6% rapeseed expeller (RSE) or 12% RSE on these adverse effects by studying performance, visceral organ, and immunological traits in 36 broilers. ExP reduced daily feed intake compared to FgP when feeding a 6% RSE diet ( < 0.

Differences between Holstein dairy cows in renal clearance rate of urea affect milk urea concentration and the relationship between milk urea and urinary nitrogen excretion.

Urine and fecal excretions from cattle contribute to global nitrogen (N) emissions. The milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration in dairy cows is positively correlated with urinary urea N (UUN) emissions, and both decline with the reduction in crude protein intake. However, MUN concentration may differ between individual cows despite feeding the same ration.

Effects of Oral Glutamine Supplementation on Early Postnatal Muscle Morphology in Low and Normal Birth Weight Piglets.

Adapted nutrition can improve the growth of low birth weight (LBW) piglets. Since maternal milk is thought to provide insufficient glutamine (Gln) for LBW piglets, the current study investigated the influence of Gln supplementation during the early suckling period on development and lipid deposition in skeletal muscle. The weight differences between LBW and normal birth weight (NBW) littermates persisted from birth to slaughter ( < 0.

Changes in fatty acids in plasma and association with the inflammatory response in dairy cows abomasally infused with essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid during late and early lactation.

Dairy cows are exposed to increased inflammatory processes in the transition period from late pregnancy to early lactation. Essential fatty acids (EFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are thought to modulate the inflammatory response in dairy cows. The present study investigated the effects of a combined EFA and CLA infusion on the fatty acid (FA) status in plasma lipids, and whether changes in the FA pattern were associated with the acute phase and inflammatory response during late pregnancy and early lactation.

Effects of a combined essential fatty acid and conjugated linoleic acid abomasal infusion on metabolic and endocrine traits, including the somatotropic axis, in dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to test the effects of essential fatty acids (EFA), particularly α-linolenic acid (ALA), and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation on metabolic and endocrine traits related to energy metabolism, including the somatotropic axis, in mid-lactation dairy cows. Four cows (126 ± 4 d in milk) were used in a dose-escalation study design and were abomasally infused with coconut oil (CTRL; 38.3 g/d; providing saturated fatty acids), linseed and safflower oils (EFA; 39.

Consequences of Maternal Essential Fatty Acid and Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation on the Development of Calf Muscle and Adipose Tissue.

Common silage and concentrate-based diets in dairy and beef production may deliver insufficient amounts of essential fatty acids (EFA), thereby also reducing conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in body tissues and milk. An impaired maternal EFA and CLA supply can have an important impact on calf postnatal development. The current study investigates how maternal supplementation with EFA and CLA affects muscle and adipose tissue development in neonatal calves.

Nutritional management of chronic pancreatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Background And Aim: Malnutrition is a frequent complication of chronic pancreatitis. Adequate nutritional support is imperative, but there is still uncertainty about the optimal nutritional treatment. This work systematically compiles evidence from randomized controlled trials investigating dietary interventions in chronic pancreatitis and, in a further step, contrasts those findings with existing dietary recommendations.

A natural Ala610Val substitution causing glucocorticoid receptor hypersensitivity aggravates consequences of endotoxemia.

Despite the crucial role of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in proper immune responses, the effect of GR hypersensitivity on inflammation is rarely reported. To fill this knowledge gap, we exploited the natural gain-of-function substitution in the porcine glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and challenged pigs carrying normal or hypersensitive GR using 50 µg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) following pretreatment with either saline or single bolus of 60 µg/kg dexamethasone (DEX). The GR substitution reduced baseline cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and triglyceride concentration and granulocyte proportion whereas baseline platelet counts were elevated.

Molecular Mechanism Contributing to Malnutrition and Sarcopenia in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis.

Liver cirrhosis is frequently accompanied by disease-related malnutrition (DRM) and sarcopenia, defined as loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. DRM and sarcopenia often coexist in cirrhotic patients and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The clinical manifestation of both comorbidities are triggered by multifactorial mechanisms including reduced nutrient and energy intake caused by dietary restrictions, anorexia, neuroendocrine deregulation, olfactory and gustatory deficits.

Oral exposure of pigs to the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol does not modulate the hepatic albumin synthesis during a LPS-induced acute-phase reaction.

The sensitivity of pigs to deoxynivalenol (DON) might be influenced by systemic inflammation (SI) which impacts liver. Besides following acute-phase proteins, our aim was to investigate both the hepatic fractional albumin (ALB) synthesis rate (FSR) and the ALB concentration as indicators of ALB metabolism in presence and absence of SI induced by LPS via pre- or post-hepatic venous route. Each infusion group was pre-conditioned either with a control diet (CON, 0.

Preclinical insights into the gut-skeletal muscle axis in chronic gastrointestinal diseases.

Muscle wasting represents a constant pathological feature of common chronic gastrointestinal diseases, including liver cirrhosis (LC), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic cancer (PC), and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Recent clinical and experimental studies point to the existence of a gut-skeletal muscle axis that is constituted by specific gut-derived mediators which activate pro- and anti-sarcopenic signalling pathways in skeletal muscle cells. A pathophysiological link between both organs is also provided by low-grade systemic inflammation.

The effect of chronic, mild heat stress on metabolic changes of nutrition and adaptations in rumen papillae of lactating dairy cows.

Global warming and accompanying high ambient temperatures reduce feed intake of dairy cows and shift the blood flow from the core of the body to the periphery. As a result, hypoxia may occur in the digestive tract accompanied by disruption of the intestinal barrier, local endotoxemia and inflammation, and altered nutrient absorption. However, whether the barrier of the rumen, like the intestine, is affected by ambient heat has not been studied so far.

Accuracy and precision of McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC egg counting techniques using egg-spiked faeces of chickens and two different flotation fluids.

Faecal egg counting techniques (ECTs) are useful tools for assessing anthelmintic efficacy and selecting hosts resistant to parasite infection. McMaster (MM) is one of the most commonly used ECTs, but it suffers from low sensitivity and precision. Mini-FLOTAC (MF) has been proposed to replace MM, but so far has not been evaluated for gastro-intestinal nematode infections in chickens.

application of carbonic anhydrase to accelerate the equilibration of O between HO and CO for the rapid measurement of O/O isotope ratios in aqueous samples.

A novel method of the accelerated equilibration of O between CO and HO for the measurement of the O/O isotope ratios in aqueous samples with natural isotope abundances is presented. This rapid equilibrium method is based on the application of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA). The CA from bovine erythrocytes was adsorptively fixed to 3-mm glass beads with an etched surface.

Effects of abomasal infusion of essential fatty acids together with conjugated linoleic acid in late and early lactation on performance, milk and body composition, and plasma metabolites in dairy cows.

Rations including high amounts of corn silage are currently very common in dairy production. Diets with corn silage as forage source result in a low supply of essential fatty acids, such as α-linolenic acid, and may lead to low conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production. The present study investigated the effects of abomasal infusion of essential fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid, and CLA in dairy cows fed a corn silage-based diet on performance, milk composition, including fatty acid (FA) pattern, and lipid metabolism from late to early lactation.