The distal fibular perforating axial flap for lateral malleolus coverage: an anatomical description and surgical technique.

Purpose: Skin closure disorders in ankle surgery are a recurrent problem not only in traumatology but also in elective surgery. The aim of the study was to describe the anatomical basis of the fasciocutaneous vascularization of the lateral malleolus region to develop a posterior cover flap for the region.

Methods: We dissected ten fresh frozen specimens after arterial injection of an Indian ink preparation and individualized the perforating arteries.

Anatomy of the biceps brachii osseous footprint: study of 100 radii and literature review.

Biceps brachii (BB) tendon rupture is frequent in young males and may require surgical repair. Non-anatomic reinsertion leads to loss of strength in supination. The main aim of the present study was to describe the anatomy of the osseous footprint of the distal BB tendon.

Musculocutaneous flap of the medial head of the triceps brachii: pedicled flap to cover the posterior cubital region.

Introduction: The medial head of the triceps brachii flap is already described as a local muscular or as a free flap. It allows coverage of defects of the posterior cubital region. The aim of this study was to describe the vascular anatomy of the musculocutaneous medial triceps brachii pedicled flap.

Does the cement mantle thickness influence the glenoid loosening in anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty? An experimental study.

Background: Glenoid component loosening is the most frequent failure mode. Few data are available on the effect of thickness of cement on glenoid loosening. The purpose of this study is to determine if the cement mantle thickness influences the mode and localization of loosening.

Minimal influence of the anterolateral knee ligament on anterior and rotational laxity of the knee: a cadaveric study.

Knee laxity may be impacted by rupture of the anterolateral knee ligament (ALL). The goal of this study was to measure tibial translation and rotation as a function of the status of the ALL and the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Five pairs of fresh frozen cadaver specimens were analyzed.

Anatomical and biomechanical evaluation of an intramedullary nail for fractures of proximal humerus fractures based on tuberosity fixation.

Background: For unstable proximal humerus fractures, both plates and nails may be recommended. We introduce an anterograde nail designed for the treatment of 3- and 4-parts proximal humerus fractures. The aim of this study is to compare the biomechanics of this nail versus a plate and then to analyze the relationships of the screws with the axillary nerve.

How to determine the bone mineral density of the distal humerus with radiographic tools?

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate three methods of prediction of the bone quality of the distal humerus: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), Ct-Scan and plain radiographs.

Materials And Methods: The bone mineral density (BMD) of 21 cadaveric distal humerus was determined using DEXA at two levels. Then a CT-scan and anteroposterior radiographs were taken.

Brief communication: The size of the human frontal sinuses in adults presenting complete persistence of the metopic suture.

The notion of absence of the frontal sinuses in human individuals presenting a persistence of the metopic suture is considered as classical in many treatises of reference; however, precise studies are very rare and even controversial. The purpose of this study was thus to provide original data to confirm or refute this classical affirmation with the perspective of some original insights into biological significance of the frontal sinuses and the factors influencing their exceptional polymorphism. The material consisted of 143 dry skulls of adult individuals (European Homo sapiens), distributed in two groups: 80 skulls presenting a complete frontal closure with total disappearance of the metopic suture, and 63 skulls presenting a complete persistence of the metopic suture.

Morphological analysis of the glenoid version in the axial plane according to age.

Purpose: Total shoulder arthroplasty planning requires a preoperative assessment of the glenoid version. This study aimed to determine the morphologic profile of the glenoid cavity and our null hypothesis was that age may affect the spiraling aspect.

Method: 114 CT arthrographies of patients from 15 to 78 years old were included.

CT arthrography and anatomical correlation of the bare area of the ulnar trochlear fossa: a risk of misdiagnosis of cartilage ulcerations.

Aims: There is a variable bare area on the ulnar trochlear fossa that may be somehow interpreted as a cartilage defect. We aimed to correlate radiological images and dissections of this bare spot with CT arthrography imaging.

Materials And Methods: We conducted a double study that included 10 unpaired fresh-frozen human cadaveric elbows (CT arthrography + dissection) and 40 CT arthrography of patients to investigate the 3-D architecture of the trochlear fossa of the ulna.

Oval in males and triangular in females? A quantitative evaluation of sexual dimorphism in the human obturator foramen.

Among the numerous pelvic traits presenting sex differences, the obturator foramen is classically described as being oval in males and triangular in females. However, no demonstrations or detailed studies seem available in the literature. The purpose of this work was to study quantitatively this trait using Fourier analysis, because this methodological approach is particularly well adapted for discrimination between different simple shapes.

Inguinal canal development: the muscular wall and the role of the gubernaculum.

The inguinal canal is an anatomically complex region. Although much has been written about the gubernaculum and the descent of the testis, little is known about the development of the abdominal wall itself. We dissected this inguinal canal in 75 fetuses between 10 and 25 weeks of gestation, 42 males and 33 females.

Transverse foramen of the atlas (C1) anteriorly unclosed: a misknown human variant and its evolutionary significance.

Study Design: Morphologic study of 500 human adult atlases, 256 atlases of nonhuman adult primates representing 37 genera, and 25 human atlases of newborns and young individuals from birth to 3 years of age.

Objective: To provide original observations to attempt to understand the anterior unclosure of the transverse foramen of the human atlas, to ascertain its occurrence in primates, and to offer some elements regarding the evolutionary and functional significance of this disposition.

Summary Of Background Data: Anteriorly unclosed transverse foramen is one of the classic variants of the human atlas, however, rare quantitative data are available in the literature and this disposition remains little understood.

Frohse's arcade is not the exclusive compression site of the radial nerve in its tunnel.

Introduction: The radial tunnel is a musculo-aponeurotic furrow which extends from the lateral epicondyle of humerus to the distal edge of the supinator muscle. The superficial head of the supinator muscle forms a fibrous arch, the arcade of Frohse (AF), which is the most common site of compression of the radial nerve motor branch. The latter is less commonly compressed by the adjacent muscular structures.

Anatomical basis for distal sartorius muscle flap for reconstructive surgery below the knee. Anatomical study and case report.

We report a case of a woman presenting with a long-term non-healing wound below the tibial tubercle that underwent a successful sartorius muscle flap. We performed an anatomical study of the vascularisation of the sartorius muscle. The vascular supply to the distal part of the sartorius muscle was studied in 15 limbs by dissection and after red ink and latex injections.

Bipartition of the superior articular facets of the first cervical vertebra (atlas or C1): a human variant probably specific among primates.

The bipartition of the superior articular facet is one of the classical variants of the human atlas. Rare quantitative data are available in the literature on this possible bipartition in humans and this disposition remains little understood. For non-human primates, there are almost no detailed comparative data in the literature, despite their potential importance in understanding the significance of this pattern in humans and its evolution.

Secondary centers of ossification of the human toes: exceptional polymorphism and evolutionary perspectives.

As great morphological variability characterizes the phalanges of the human toes in adults, we hypothesized for a possible variability in the presence or absence of their secondary (= epiphyseal) centers of ossification linked to the unique morphology of the human foot within primates. The aim of this study was thus to provide original and detailed data on the occurrence of these centers. Classically, the big toe or hallux (I) presents two secondary centers and the lateral toes (II-V) three centers, and consequently the five toes present a total of 14 secondary centers.

Finite element analysis of the strain distribution in the humeral head tubercles during abduction: comparison of young and osteoporotic bone.

Aim: The aim of this work was to design an accurate 3D digital model of the humerus and rotator cuff muscles. This model was then used to study strain distribution in humeral tubercles according to bone density.

Materials And Methods: The geometry of bone and muscle structures was reproduced using SURFDRIVER software, based on anatomical sections, CT scans and MRI images from the Visible Human Project image library.

New findings on intermetacarpal fat pads: anatomy and imaging.

Many studies have focused on the functional importance of the gliding structures of the hand. These structures are clinically important in reconstructive surgery and mechanically essential for an efficient hand grasp. The aims of this study were to first review the intermetacarpal space and then focus on its fatty tissue, the intermetacarpal fat pad.

Bony ponticles of the atlas (C1) over the groove for the vertebral artery in humans and primates: polymorphism and evolutionary trends.

The aim of this study was to ascertain the distribution in primates of the three possible bony ponticles over the groove for the vertebral artery (ventral, lateral, and dorsal ponticles), in order to attempt to understand the variants observed in humans and to ascertain possible evolutionary trends in primates. The material consisted of 393 atlases of extant nonhuman primates representative of 41 genera, and of 500 human atlases (dried bones of adults). For each atlas, we studied the existence and morphology of the ponticles, and the type of association of these three ponticles on a given side, which are theoretically of eight in number (types A-H).

Contribution to the study of the pathogenesis of type II superior labrum anterior-posterior lesions: a cadaveric model of a fall on the outstretched hand.

With a cadaveric model, we studied the effects on the superior labrum-biceps tendon complex of a fall on the outstretched hand to assess one of the supposed mechanisms of creation of superior labrum anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions. Ten shoulders were used to simulate either a forward or a backward fall with a custom shoulder-testing apparatus capable of simulating muscle forces, attached to a servohydraulic testing machine (INSTRON 8500+). Impaction of the humeral head on the glenoid cavity was applied in 0.

The intermetatarsal articular facet of the first metatarsal bone in humans: a derived trait unique within primates.

The occurrence and morphology of an intermetatarsal facet of the first metatarsal bone have been investigated in a series of 306 nonhuman primates representative of 40 genera, and in a series of 412 human metatarsal bones (dried bones) (215 left, 197 right). In nonhuman primates, no case of intermetatarsal facet was observed in the 306 first metatarsal bones studied. In humans, a well-defined intermetatarsal facet was observed in 127 out of the 412 bones (30.

Peripheral ganglia supplying the genital smooth musculature in the female pig: an experimental study.

The aim of the present study was to locate the sensory and autonomic ganglia innervating the female genital musculature in pigs. The retrograde neuronal tracers horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or fast blue (FB) were injected into the left retractor clitoridis muscle (RCM), which was treated as a typical model of the genital smooth musculature. Labelled cells were found in ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia S1-S4, in bilateral sympathetic paravertebral ganglia from L5-L6 or L6-L7 to S3 and in the left and right caudal mesenteric ganglion.