Do you know your PSMA-tracer? Variability in the biodistribution of different PSMA ligands and its potential impact on defining PSMA-positivity prior to PSMA-targeted therapy.

Background: In clinical practice, several radiopharmaceuticals are used for PSMA-PET imaging, each with distinct biodistribution patterns. This may impact treatment decisions and outcomes, as eligibility for PSMA-directed radioligand therapy is usually assessed by comparing tumoral uptake to normal liver uptake as a reference. In this study, we aimed to compare tracer uptake intraindividually in various reference regions including liver, parotid gland and spleen as well as the respective tumor-to-background ratios (TBR) of different F-labeled PSMA ligands to today's standard radiopharmaceutical Ga-PSMA-11 in a series of patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer who underwent a dual PSMA-PET examination as part of an individualized diagnostic approach.

The role of the left primary motor cortex in apraxia.

Background: Apraxia is a motor-cognitive disorder that primary sensorimotor deficits cannot solely explain. Previous research in stroke patients has focused on damage to the fronto-parietal praxis networks in the left hemisphere (LH) as the cause of apraxic deficits. In contrast, the potential role of the (left) primary motor cortex (M1) has largely been neglected.

Do coping strategies mediate the effects of childhood adversities and traumata on clinical high-risk of psychosis, depression, and social phobia? A cross-sectional study on patients of an early detection service.

Background: Childhood adversities and traumata (CAT) increase the risk for various mental disorders, including the clinical high-risk of psychosis (CHR-P) state and its main comorbidities, i.e., depression, and social phobia.

To intubate or not? Balancing anesthesia in rodent fMRI: strategies to mitigate confounding effects.

More than a decade ago, the introduction of intubation and mechanical ventilation for performing blood oxygen level-dependent functional MRI studies in the rodent brain allowed an improved control over the physiological conditions during scanning sessions. An accurate understanding of respiratory parameters permits to respect the 3Rs in animal research, improves significantly the fMRI outcome, and promises improved translational studies. Developments also prompted a better comprehension on anesthetics and their impact on rodent brain physiology and function, bringing new insights on the buildup of carbon dioxide, interhemispheric connectivity, or arousal, which understanding are paramount for maturing better fMRI protocols in awake rodents.

Joint EANM/EANO/RANO/SNMMI practice guideline/procedure standard for PET imaging of brain metastases: version 1.0.

This joint practice guideline/procedure standard was collaboratively developed by the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM), the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI), the European Association of Neuro-Oncology (EANO), and the PET task force of the Response Assessment in Neurooncology Working Group (PET/RANO). Brain metastases are the most common malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors. PET imaging with radiolabeled amino acids and to lesser extent [F]FDG has gained considerable importance in the assessment of brain metastases, especially for the differential diagnosis between recurrent metastases and treatment-related changes which remains a limitation using conventional MRI.

Selectively expressed RNA molecules as a versatile tool for functionalized cell targeting.

Targeting of diseased cells is one of the most urgently needed prerequisites for a next generation of potent pharmaceuticals. Different approaches pursued fail mainly due to a lack of specific surface markers. Developing an RNA-based methodology, we can now ensure precise cell targeting combined with selective expression of effector proteins for therapy, diagnostics or cell steering.

Embodied emotions in ancient Neo-Assyrian texts revealed by bodily mapping of emotional semantics.

Emotions are associated with subjective emotion-specific bodily sensations. Here, we utilized this relationship and computational linguistic methods to map a representation of emotions in ancient texts. We analyzed Neo-Assyrian texts from 934-612 BCE to discern consistent relationships between linguistic expressions related to both emotions and bodily sensations.

Evaluation of early metabolic changes following vorasidenib using FET PET in patients with -mutant gliomas.

The phase-3 INDIGO trial demonstrated that the isocitrate dehydrogenase () inhibitor vorasidenib significantly prolonged progression-free survival and delayed intervention in patients with CNS WHO grade 2 gliomas. However, conventional MRI showed limited response, with only 11% of patients having objective responses. Studies suggest that serial PET imaging with radiolabeled amino acids, such as -(2-[ F]-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) PET, may provide earlier and more informative assessments of treatment response than MRI.

Investigating proactive aggression in patients with borderline personality disorder and major depressive disorder using a modified version of the Taylor aggression paradigm.

Introduction: Inappropriate reactive (provoked) aggression is common in various psychiatric disorders, including Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and, to a lesser extent, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Less is known about proactive (unprovoked) aggression in these patients, with mixed findings in the literature. Drawing from the current evidence, we expect higher trait aggression in both patient groups and higher behavioral proactive aggression and physiological arousal in patients with BPD compared to both MDD and healthy participants (HC).

A study of long-term GABA and high-energy phosphate alterations in the primary motor cortex using anodal tDCS and H/P MR spectroscopy.

Introduction: Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been reported to modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid levels and cerebral energy consumption in the brain. This study aims to investigate long-term GABA and cerebral energy modulation following anodal tDCS over the primary motor cortex.

Method: To assess GABA and energy level changes, proton and phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were acquired before and after anodal or sham tDCS.

High-speed scattering polarimetry for correlative nerve fiber imaging and multi-modal analysis.

Three-Dimensional Polarized Light Imaging (3D-PLI) and Computational Scattered Light Imaging (ComSLI) map dense nerve fibers in brain sections with micrometer resolution using visible light. 3D-PLI reconstructs single fiber orientations, while ComSLI captures multiple directions per pixel, offering deep insights into brain tissue structure. Here, we introduce the Scattering Polarimeter, a high-speed correlative microscope to leverage the strengths of both methods.

Data-driven vs. psychological personality temperaments: theoretical and clinical utility of personality measures in psychiatry.

Decades of research on personality identified dissociable psychological temperaments. Cloninger's temperament and character theory used a psychobiological approach to differentiate three major dimensions of personality: harm avoidance, novelty seeking, and reward dependence. Previous studies, heretofore, did not examine the correspondence between Cloninger's psychological temperaments and statistically independent data-driven components and how that could enhance the clinical utility of personality temperaments.

Cyto-, gene, and multireceptor architecture of the early postnatal mouse hippocampal complex.

Neurotransmitter receptors are key molecules in signal transmission in the adult brain, and their precise spatial and temporal balance expressions also play a critical role in normal brain development. However, the specific balance expression of multiple receptors during hippocampal development is not well characterized. In this study, we used quantitative in vivo receptor autoradiography to measure the distributions and densities of 18 neurotransmitter receptor types in the mouse hippocampal complex at postnatal day 7, and compared them with the expressions of their corresponding encoding genes.

Discovery, Replicability, and Generalizability of a Left Anterior Hippocampus' Morphological Network Linked to Self-Regulation.

The human hippocampus is a key region in cognitive and emotional processing, but also a vulnerable and plastic region. Accordingly, there is a great interest in understanding how variability in the hippocampus' structure relates to variability in behavior in healthy and clinical populations. In this study, we aimed to link interindividual variability in subregional hippocampal networks (i.

Flexibility of intrinsic neural timescales during distinct behavioral states.

Recent neuroimaging studies demonstrate a heterogeneity of timescales prevalent in the brain's ongoing spontaneous activity, labeled intrinsic neural timescales (INT). At the same time, neural timescales also reflect stimulus- or task-related activity. The relationship of the INT during the brain's spontaneous activity with their involvement in task states including behavior remains unclear.

Smoking cessation and harm reduction: a systematic overview of ongoing, randomized controlled trials.

Background: Smoking remains one of the major public health threats, necessitating substantial scientific and societal interest in further developing and implementing systematic, smoking cessation trials. This review examines ongoing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on smoking cessation and harm reduction, focusing on adherence to German S3 guidelines for tobacco dependence and identifying areas needing further research and neglected aspects in the implementation of treatment guidelines for tobacco dependence.

Methods: A systematic search was conducted on the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, comprising multiple trial registries worldwide, to identify ongoing RCTs focusing on smoking cessation and harm reduction.

A critical role of action-related functional networks in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.

Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS) is a chronic tic disorder, characterized by unwanted motor actions and vocalizations. While brain stimulation techniques show promise in reducing tic severity, optimal target networks are not well-defined. Here, we leverage datasets from two independent deep brain stimulation (DBS) cohorts and a cohort of tic-inducing lesions to infer critical networks for treatment and occurrence of tics by mapping stimulation sites and lesions to a functional connectome derived from 1,000 healthy participants.

Leveraging Stacked Classifiers for Multi-task Executive Function in Schizophrenia Yields Diagnostic and Prognostic Insights.

Cognitive impairment is a central characteristic of schizophrenia. Executive functioning (EF) impairments are often seen in mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia, where they relate to adverse outcomes. As a heterogeneous construct, how specifically each dimension of EF to characterize the diagnostic and prognostic aspects of schizophrenia remains opaque.

Artificial intelligence in the care of children and adolescents with chronic diseases: a systematic review.

Unlabelled: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has shown potential for various applications in the medical field, particularly for diagnosing and managing chronic diseases among children and adolescents. This systematic review aims to comprehensively analyze and synthesize research on the use of AI for monitoring, guiding, and assisting pediatric patients with chronic diseases. Five major electronic databases were searched (Medline, Scopus, PsycINFO, ACM, Web of Science), along with manual searches of gray literature, personal archives, and reference lists of relevant papers.

Hidden size: Size representations in implicitly coded objects.

Its angular representation on the retina does not solely determine the perceived size of an object. Instead, contextual information is interpreted. We investigated the levels of processing at which this interpretation occurs.

How measurement noise limits the accuracy of brain-behaviour predictions.

Major efforts in human neuroimaging strive to understand individual differences and find biomarkers for clinical applications by predicting behavioural phenotypes from brain imaging data. To identify generalisable and replicable brain-behaviour prediction models, sufficient measurement reliability is essential. However, the selection of prediction targets is predominantly guided by scientific interest or data availability rather than psychometric considerations.

Effect of Acute Hypoxia Exposure on the Availability of A Adenosine Receptors and Perfusion in the Human Brain.

In animal studies it has been observed that the inhibitory neuromodulator adenosine is released into the cerebral interstitial space during hypoxic challenges. Adenosine's actions on the A adenosine receptor (AAR) protect the brain from oxygen deprivation and overexertion through adjustments in cerebral blood flow, metabolism, and electric activity. Using 8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-[F]fluoropropyl)-1-propylxanthine ([F]CPFPX), a PET tracer for the AAR, we tested the hypothesis that hypoxia-induced adenosine release reduces AAR availability in the human brain.