Distinct resting-state functional connectivity of the anterior cingulate cortex subregions in first-episode schizophrenia.

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a heterogeneous region of the brain's limbic system that regulates cognitive and emotional processing, and is frequently implicated in schizophrenia. This study aims to characterize resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) profiles of three subregions of ACC in patients with first-episode schizophrenia and healthy controls. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) scans were collected from 60 first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients and 60 healthy controls (HC), and the subgenual ACC (sgACC), pregenual ACC (pgACC), and dorsal ACC (dACC) were selected as seed regions from the newest automated anatomical labeling atlas 3 (AAL3).

The role of SIRT3 in mediating the cognitive deficits and neuroinflammatory changes associated with a developmental animal model of schizophrenia.

The neuroinflammatory state may contribute to the pathogenesis of many mental disorders including schizophrenia. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential cofactor for activation of proteins involved in mitochondria quality control, such as Sirtuin3 (SIRT3). Our previous study has found that NAD supplement could rescue early life stress (ELS)-induced neuroinflammation and down-regulation of SIRT3 in adult offspring.

Common and Distinct Functional Connectivity of the Orbitofrontal Cortex in Depression and Schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia and depression are psychiatric disorders with overlapping clinical and biological features. This study aimed to identify common and distinct neuropathological mechanisms in schizophrenia and depression patients using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The study included 28 patients with depression (DEP), 29 patients with schizophrenia (SCH), and 30 healthy control subjects (HC).

Nicotinamide ameliorates mitochondria-related neuronal apoptosis and cognitive impairment via the NAD/SIRT3 pathway.

Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondria play a central role in mental health disorders including schizophrenia. Here we investigated whether nicotinamide (NAM) normalized cognitive impairment via a mechanism involving the mitochondrial Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) pathway. The 24 h maternal separation (MS) rat model was used to mimic schizophrenia-associate phenotypes.

Nicotinamide reverses deficits in puberty-born neurons and cognitive function after maternal separation.

Background: Early life stress (ELS) is associated with the development of schizophrenia later in life. The hippocampus develops significantly during childhood and is extremely reactive to stress. In rodent models, ELS can induce neuroinflammation, hippocampal neuronal loss, and schizophrenia-like behavior.

Reduced inter-hemispheric auditory and memory-related network interactions in patients with schizophrenia experiencing auditory verbal hallucinations.

Background: Inter-hemispheric disconnection is a primary pathological finding in schizophrenia. However, given the inherent complexity of this disease and its development, it remains unclear as to whether associated inter-hemispheric changes play an important role in auditory verbal hallucination (AVH) development. As such, this study was developed to explore inter-hemispheric connectivity in the context of schizophrenia with AVH while excluding positive symptoms and other factors with the potential to confound these results.

Resting-state functional connectivity of salience network in schizophrenia and depression.

To explore the salience network (SN) functional alterations in schizophrenia and depression, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data from 29 patients with schizophrenia (SCH), 28 patients with depression (DEP) and 30 healthy controls (HC) were obtained. The SN was derived from data-driven group independent component analysis (gICA). ANCOVA and post hoc tests were performed to discover the FC differences of SN between groups.

Prefrontal Cortex Activation During Verbal Fluency Task and Tower of London Task in Schizophrenia and Major Depressive Disorder.

Cognitive dysfunction is a common clinical feature of mental disorders. A number of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies have shown reduced prefrontal activation during the verbal fluency task (VFT) in schizophrenia (SZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, no studies have examined and compared the brain activation patterns during the Tower of London (TOL), which is another classic, high-sensitivity executive function testing tool, in these two serious mental disorders.

Anxiety and Depression in Patients With Physical Diseases and Associated Factors: A Large-Scale Field Survey in General Hospitals in China.

To investigate the characteristic of anxiety and depression among patients in general hospitals, and explore the degree of the clinical symptoms and correlated social economic factors. This is a cross-sectional survey of anxiety and depression in patients with physical diseases, who were suspected of depression and anxiety based on their clinical performance by their physicians and PHQ ≧ 8, from various clinical departments of 57 general hospitals in China. Data regarding demographic characteristics and clinical characteristics were collected.

Abnormal Local Activity and Functional Dysconnectivity in Patients with Schizophrenia Having Auditory Verbal Hallucinations.

Auditory verbal hallucination (AVH) is emphasized as a pathological hallmark of schizophrenia. Neuroimaging studies provide evidence linking AVH to overlapping functional abnormalities in distributed networks. However, no clear conclusion has still been reached.

Retinal dystrophy associated with a single-base deletion mutation in mitochondrial DNA 3271 in patient with MELAS syndrome.

Purpose: Mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acid and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is caused by mutations in the mitochondrial DNA. Approximately 80% of MELAS patients have an A > G transition mutation at nucleotide pair 3243 in the mitochondrial DNA, m.3243A > G.

Prefrontal cortex dysfunction during verbal fluency task after atypicalantipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia: A near-infrared spectroscopy imaging study.

A number of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) studies in schizophrenia have shown that there is a significant dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in patients with schizophrenia, but it remains unclear how atypical antipsychotics affect the function of the PFC. To investigate the changes in brain activation patterns in schizophrenia who accepted antipsychotic treatment, we used NIRS to measure the hemodynamic changes of the PFC in patients with schizophrenia at the time of enrollment and after 4 weeks of treatment during a verbal fluency task (VFT). We included 16 schizophrenia and 17 sex- and age- matched healthy controls.

Self-control and dental caries among elementary school children in Japan.

Objectives: Children's self-control is associated with various behaviour-related health problems in childhood and later in life. However, studies on self-control and dental caries, strongly associated with toothbrushing or drinking and eating behaviour, are limited. We investigated the association between self-control and the number of decayed or filled primary teeth (dft) among first-grade children (6-7 years old) in Japan and evaluated the mediation effect of oral health behaviour on this association.

Association of sleep habits with behavior problems and resilience of 6- to 7-year-old children: results from the A-CHILD study.

Background: Childhood sleep habits are associated with mental health development; however, little is known about the impact of irregular bedtimes on the mental health of early school-aged children. The aims of this study were to examine the effect of weekday sleep habits (varying bedtimes depending on the night of the week and later than 22:00 h bedtime) on behavior problems, prosocial behavior, and resilience of children aged 6-7 years.

Methods: Data were taken from the Adachi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty (A-CHILD) study, which involved the participation of 4291 caregivers of first-grade children (6-7 years old) living in Adachi City, Tokyo.

Altered corticostriatal pathway in first-episode paranoid schizophrenia: Resting-state functional and causal connectivity analyses.

Neuroimaging studies suggest the abnormal structure and function of basal ganglion may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, little is investigated about the both aberrant functional and causal connectivity of striatum in first-episode paranoid schizophrenia (FEPS). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to characterize the functional connectivity (FC) and casual connectivity within the corticostriatal circuit in 31 patients with FEPS and 33 healthy controls.

Task Performance Modulates Functional Connectivity Involving the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Patients with Schizophrenia.

Previous studies have suggested that patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls exhibit differential activation of and connectivity involving the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during working memory tasks, though their findings remain inconsistent. The functional integration perspective further suggests that working memory performance also modulates differences in functional interactions of the DLPFC between patients and controls. To explore this possibility, 45 healthy controls and 45 patients with schizophrenia were recruited to perform a 2-back task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

The role of religious advisors in mental health care in the World Mental Health surveys.

Objectives: To examine the role of religious advisors in mental health care (MHC) according to disorder severity, socio-demographics, religious involvement and country income groups.

Methods: Face to face household surveys in ten high income (HI), six upper-middle income (UMI) and five low/lower-middle (LLMI) income countries totalling 101,258 adults interviewed with the WMH CIDI plus questions on use of care for mental health problems and religiosity.

Results: 1.

On-going elucidation of mechanisms of primate specific synaptic spine development using the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

Recently, pathophysiology of human psychiatry originates from abnormal numbers of synapses/spines. There are generally two-types of development of spines from birth depending on species. One is, after birth, synaptogenesis occurs, and there is a clear peak of spines, and then rapidly pruning occurring, which are called "overshoot-type" of development of synapses/spines.

Narratives reflecting the lived experiences of people with brain disorders: common psychosocial difficulties and determinants.

Background: People with brain disorders - defined as both, mental disorders and neurological disorders experience a wide range of psychosocial difficulties (PSDs) (e.g., concentrating, maintaining energy levels, and maintaining relationships).

The effect of artemether on psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment in first-episode, antipsychotic drug-naive persons with schizophrenia seropositive to Toxoplasma gondii.

The objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of add-on artemether in first-episode, untreated people with schizophrenia, who were Toxoplasma gondii seropositive, and explore the change in T. gondii antibodies during treatment. In this eight-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 100 T.

[TREK1 potassium channels and depression].

Major depression disorder is an increasing heavy burden in modem society, but its pathological mechanism is still vague. Recent evidence indicated that two pore potassium channel, TREK1, is one of the important drug targets of antidepressants. The structural and functional research progress of TREK1 potassium channel were reviewed with an emphasis on its roles in anti-depression, neuronal protection, and neuronal plasticity.

Delayed-onset dystonia due to perinatal asphyxia: a prospective study.

The objective of this work was to establish the existence and incidence of possible delayed-onset dystonia in a cohort of infants with diagnosed perinatal asphyxial hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). This prospective study comprised 103 survivors of perinatal asphyxial HIE, who were regularly followed and neurologically examined in the course of 7 to 13 years after birth (median 10 years). Neurological outcome at the end of the follow-up period was normal in 87 (84.

Comparison between genes of Alzheimer's disease and brain tissue of others.

We have examined samples from 14 donors that were prepared from 44 different anatomical regions of the brain. These samples were prepared both as frozen formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded. There were 310 frozen samples and 367 fixed samples.

Talampanel a non-competitive AMPA-antagonist attenuates caspase-3 dependent apoptosis in mouse brain after transient focal cerebral ischemia.

Talampanel (IVAX) is a non-competitive AMPA-antagonist has a remarkable neuroprotection in different rodent stroke models. The focal cerebral ischemia in mice was induced by transient (60 min.) MCA occlusion and 48 h reperfusion and treated with talampanel (6 x 2 mg/kg, i.