A chromosomal mutation is superior to a plasmid-encoded mutation for plasmid fitness cost compensation.

Plasmids are important vectors of horizontal gene transfer in microbial communities but can impose a burden on the bacteria that carry them. Such plasmid fitness costs are thought to arise principally from conflicts between chromosomal- and plasmid-encoded molecular machineries, and thus can be ameliorated by compensatory mutations (CMs) that reduce or resolve the underlying causes. CMs can arise on plasmids (i.

Interpretable deep cross networks unveiled common signatures of dysregulated epitranscriptomes across 12 cancer types.

Cancer is a complex and multifaceted group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth that leads to the formation of malignant tumors. Recent studies suggest that N6-methyladenosine (mA) RNA methylation plays pivotal roles in cancer pathology by influencing various cellular processes. However, the degree to which these mechanisms are shared across different cancer types remains unclear.

Integrated Community-Based Reporting and Field Diagnostics for Improved Rabies Surveillance in Rural Laikipia, Kenya.

Rabies vaccination in domestic dog populations has increased globally in a bid to protect human health. Surveillance efforts, however, are inconsistent in endemic regions such as in sub-Saharan Africa, due to fragmented reporting and limited diagnostic capacity for suspected cases, limiting successful monitoring and evaluation of vaccination campaigns. Here, we conducted a pilot study aiming to strengthen rabies surveillance by combining community-based surveillance with field-based diagnostic testing in pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in central Kenya; communities which are frequently marginalised from health systems.

Glycated haemoglobin and serum fructosamine concentrations in sick, non-diabetic dogs receiving oral prednisolone.

Background: Glucocorticoids have been associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus (DM) in dogs. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum fructosamine have been scarcely studied in dogs receiving glucocorticoid therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate HbA1c and fructosamine in non-diabetic dogs receiving oral prednisolone.

Fostering healthy cognitive ageing in people living with HIV.

Prevalence and incidence of HIV among people aged 50 years and older continue to rise worldwide, generating increasing awareness among care providers, scientists, and the HIV community about the importance of brain health in older adults with HIV. Many age-related factors that adversely affect brain health can occur earlier and more often among people with HIV, including epigenetic ageing, chronic medical conditions (eg, cardiovascular disease), and age-related syndromes (eg, frailty). Extensive dialogue between HIV community leaders, health-care providers, and scientists has led to the development of a multidimensional response strategy to protect and enhance brain health in people ageing with HIV that spans across public health, clinical spaces, and research spaces.

Environmental filtering, not dispersal history, explains global patterns of phylogenetic turnover in seed plants at deep evolutionary timescales.

Environmental filtering and dispersal history limit plant distributions and affect biogeographical patterns, but how their relative importance varies across evolutionary timescales is unresolved. Phylogenetic beta diversity quantifies dissimilarity in evolutionary relatedness among assemblages and might help resolve the ecological and biogeographical mechanisms structuring biodiversity. Here, we examined the effects of environmental dissimilarity and geographical distance on phylogenetic and taxonomic turnover for ~270,000 seed plant species globally and across evolutionary timescales.

Carboxymethyl chitosan: Synthesis, functional properties, and applications in sustainable food packaging material.

Global environmental concerns about non-degradable packaging materials are increasing. Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), a polysaccharide widely used in the food industry, has gained attention in the field of food packaging. Due to its biodegradability, film-forming ability, and biocompatibility, CMCS has emerged as a sustainable option for degradable and functional food packaging materials, offering solutions to plastic pollution and food waste issues.

Validation of crAssphage microbial source tracking markers and comparison with Bacteroidales markers for detection and quantification of faecal contaminations in surface water.

Human-specific faecal contamination has been affecting surface water and is a threat to both the environment and public health due to its potential co-occurrence with pathogens. Extended studies were conducted to detect and quantify faecal contamination using microbial source tracking (MST) markers targeting bacteria and viruses. The prototypical crAssphage, a presumed Bacteroides-infecting phage discovered in 2014, showed superior specificity to human faeces and high abundance in untreated sewage water.

A mixed method approach to analysing patterns and drivers of antibiotic use and resistance in beef farms in Argentina.

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance is a challenge to be faced by all livestock sectors; within beef farming, antibiotic use patterns vary by country and management practices. Argentina is a country with high beef production & consumption but limited information surrounding antibiotic use. The aims of this project was to understand how antibiotics are being used across the beef industry in Argentina and exploring drivers of usage.

Challenges for the veterinary profession: A grounded theory study of veterinarians' experiences of caring for older horses.

Background: In Great Britain, owners are keeping their horses into increasingly older age, reflecting societal changes in human-animal relationships. The uptake of routine veterinary services is reported to reduce as horses age. Horse owners seek information regarding their animal's health from alternative sources before and/or following veterinary involvement.

A Novel Quinoline Inhibitor of the Canonical NF-κB Transcription Factor Pathway.

The NF-κB family of transcription factors is a master regulator of cellular responses during inflammation, and its dysregulation has been linked to chronic inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease. It is therefore of vital importance to design and test new effective NF-κB inhibitors that have the potential to be utilized in clinical practice. In this study, we used a commercial transgenic HeLa cell line as an NF-κB activation reporter to test a novel quinoline molecule, Q3, as a potential inhibitor of the canonical NF-κB pathway.

Proteomic Profiling of COVID-19 Patients Sera: Differential Expression with Varying Disease Stage and Potential Biomarkers.

: SARS-CoV-2 is one of the viruses that caused worldwide health issues. This effect is mainly due to the wide range of disease prognoses it can cause. The aim of this study is to determine protein profiles that can be used as potential biomarkers for patients' stratification, as well as potential targets for drug development.

MR1 presents vitamin B6-related compounds for recognition by MR1-reactive T cells.

The major histocompatibility complex class I related protein (MR1) presents microbially derived vitamin B2 precursors to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. MR1 can also present other metabolites to activate MR1-restricted T cells expressing more diverse T cell receptors (TCRs), some with anti-tumor reactivity. However, knowledge of the range of the antigen(s) that can activate diverse MR1-reactive T cells remains incomplete.

IL-17 signaling protects against induced gastric cancer.

infection is the predominant risk factor for the development of gastric cancer. Risk is enhanced by specific virulence factors, diet, and the inflammatory response. Chronic activation of T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 pathways contributes to prolonged inflammation; yet, higher expression of IL-17 receptor (IL-17RA) is a favorable prognostic marker for survival after gastric cancer diagnosis.

Reconstructing the last common ancestor of all eukaryotes.

Understanding the origin of eukaryotic cells is one of the most difficult problems in all of biology. A key challenge relevant to the question of eukaryogenesis is reconstructing the gene repertoire of the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). As data sets grow, sketching an accurate genomics-informed picture of early eukaryotic cellular complexity requires provision of analytical resources and a commitment to data sharing.

A dynamic framework for calculating the biomass of fattening pigs with an application in estimating the burden of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in the Netherlands.

Gaining insight into the size and composition of national pig populations can support decisions on disease control, welfare, and environmental sustainability. However, if one needs to draw meaningful comparisons between the performance of various production systems or countries, a method for standardization is required. One approach to achieve this is by means of biomass estimation.

Placental malaria and circumsporozoite protein-specific immunity.

Circumsporozoite protein-specific active and passive immunization can protect significantly against Plasmodium falciparum malaria and are being considered as tools to prevent placental malaria. Despite recent encouraging findings, a closer view of the underlying biology indicates significant challenges to preventing placental malaria.

Bacterial contamination of sterile angiographic work environments during animal studies.

Bacterial contamination of angiographic materials and fluids has been shown to occur during human angiographic procedures. Angiographic examinations and experiments must be performed under sterile conditions to avoid complications due to contamination and possible subsequent infections. However, data regarding the frequency and the clinical consequences are limited.

Advancements in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: From Signaling Pathways to Targeted Therapies.

Lymphoma is the sixth most prevalent cancer globally. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are the majority group of lymphomas, with B cells accounting for approximately 95% of these lymphomas. A key feature of B-cell lymphoma is the functional perturbations of essential biological pathways caused by genetic aberrations.

Evaluation of plasma activated liquids for the elimination of mixed species biofilms within endoscopic working channels.

The use of reusable flexible endoscopes has increased dramatically over the past decade, however despite improvements in endoscope reprocessing, the continued emergence of endoscopy-associated outbreaks as a result of multi-drug resistant bacteria has highlighted the need for a new approach to disinfection. Here, the use of plasma activated liquids (PALs) for the elimination of mixed species biofilm contamination within the working channels of endoscopes was evaluated. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma was used to chemically activate water and a commercially available pH buffered peracetic acid to create PALs.