Mitochondrial phosphate transporter and methyltransferase genes contribute to Fusarium head blight Type II disease resistance and grain development in wheat.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is an economically important disease of wheat that results in yield loss and grain contaminated with fungal mycotoxins that are harmful to human and animal health. Herein we characterised two wheat genes involved in the FHB response in wheat: a wheat mitochondrial phosphate transporter (TaMPT) and a methyltransferase (TaSAM). Wheat has three sub-genomes (A, B, and D) and gene expression studies demonstrated that TaMPT and TaSAM homoeologs were differentially expressed in response to FHB infection and the mycotoxigenic Fusarium virulence factor deoxynivalenol (DON) in FHB resistant wheat cv.

Postprandial 25-hydroxyvitamin D response varies according to the lipid composition of a vitamin D3 fortified dairy drink.

evidence suggests that the lipid component of foods alters vitamin D absorption. This single-blinded, cross-over postprandial study examined the effect of changing the lipid component of a 20 µg vitamin D fortified dairy drink on postprandial 25(OH)D concentrations. Participants consumed one dairy drink per visit: a non-lipid, a pre-formed oleic acid micelle, an olive oil and a fish oil dairy drink.

Impact of COVID-19 confinement on eating behaviours across 16 European countries: The COVIDiet cross-national study.

We aimed to evaluate the changes in eating behaviours of the adult population across 16 European countries due to the COVID-19 confinement and to evaluate whether these changes were somehow related to the severity of the containment measures applied in each country. An anonymous online self-reported questionnaire on socio-demographic characteristics, validated 14-items Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) Adherence Screener (MEDAS) as a reference of a healthy diet, eating and lifestyle behaviours prior to and during the COVID-19 confinement was used to collect data. The study included an adult population residing in 16 European countries at the time of the survey.

multiMarker: software for modelling and prediction of continuous food intake using multiple biomarkers measurements.

Background: Metabolomic biomarkers offer potential for objective and reliable food intake assessment, and there is growing interest in using biomarkers in place of or with traditional self-reported approaches. Ongoing research suggests that multiple biomarkers are associated with single foods, offering great sensitivity and specificity. However, currently there is a dearth of methods to model the relationship between multiple biomarkers and single food intake measurements.

Low serum vitamin D concentrations in Spring-born dairy calves are associated with elevated peripheral leukocytes.

A role for vitamin D in the immune system is emerging from human research but data in the bovine is limited. In the current study, 48 Holstein-Friesian calves were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups designed to expose calves to divergent vitamin D levels for a 7 month period and to determine its effects on circulating immunity in young calves. Concentrations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) was measured in serum using a commercial ELISA with validated bovine standards.

Genetic and environmental influences on serum oxylipins, endocannabinoids, bile acids and steroids.

Lipid bioactivity is a result of direct action and the action of lipid mediators including oxylipins, endocannabinoids, bile acids and steroids. Understanding the factors contributing to biological variation in lipid mediators may inform future approaches to understand and treat complex metabolic diseases. This research aims to determine the contribution of genetic and environmental influences on lipid mediators involved in the regulation of inflammation and energy metabolism.

Bovine innate immune phenotyping via a standardized whole blood stimulation assay.

Cattle vary in their susceptibility to infection and immunopathology, but our ability to measure and longitudinally profile immune response variation is limited by the lack of standardized immune phenotyping assays for high-throughput analysis. Here we report longitudinal innate immune response profiles in cattle using a low-blood volume, whole blood stimulation system-the ImmunoChek (IChek) assay. By minimizing cell manipulation, our standardized system minimizes the potential for artefactual results and enables repeatable temporal comparative analysis in cattle.

Nutrition and Frailty: Opportunities for Prevention and Treatment.

Frailty is a syndrome of growing importance given the global ageing population. While frailty is a multifactorial process, poor nutritional status is considered a key contributor to its pathophysiology. As nutrition is a modifiable risk factor for frailty, strategies to prevent and treat frailty should consider dietary change.

Current perspectives on global sugar consumption: definitions, recommendations, population intakes, challenges and future direction.

Currently, there is considerable emphasis on the relationship between dietary sugar consumption and various health outcomes, with some countries and regions implementing national sugar reduction campaigns. This has resulted in significant efforts to quantify dietary sugar intakes, to agree on terms to describe dietary sugars and to establish associated recommendations. However, this information is infrequently collated on a global basis and in a regularised manner.

Healthcare professionals' perceptions of malnutrition management and oral nutritional supplement prescribing in the community: A qualitative study.

Background & Aim: Protein-energy malnutrition is under-recognised in the community despite being common in older adults due to physiological and social changes which are often compounded by chronic disease. This qualitative study aimed to explore the opinions of healthcare professionals (HCPs) working in the primary care and community settings about the management of malnutrition and the prescription of oral nutritional supplements (ONS), often included in the treatment of malnutrition.

Methods: Twelve healthcare professional (HCP) focus groups with 75 participants were conducted: community dietitians (n = 17), registered dietitians working in industry (n = 5), community and residential care nurses (n = 22), physiotherapists (n = 12), pharmacists (n = 9), occupational therapists (n = 6) and speech and language therapists (n = 4).

Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Variation in the Stable Urinary NMR Metabolome over Time: A Classic Twin Study.

Genes, sex, age, diet, lifestyle, gut microbiome, and multiple other factors affect human metabolomic profiles. Understanding metabolomic variation is critical in human nutrition research as metabolites that are sensitive to change versus those that are more stable might be more informative for a particular study design. This study aims to identify stable metabolomic regions and determine the genetic and environmental contributions to stability.

Targeting the Gut Microbiota to Improve Dietary Protein Efficacy to Mitigate Sarcopenia.

Sarcopenia is characterised by the presence of diminished skeletal muscle mass and strength. It is relatively common in older adults as ageing is associated with anabolic resistance (a blunted muscle protein synthesis response to dietary protein consumption and resistance exercise). Therefore, interventions to counteract anabolic resistance may benefit sarcopenia prevention and are of utmost importance in the present ageing population.

A Multiomic Approach to Investigate the Effects of a Weight Loss Program on the Intestinal Health of Overweight Horses.

Obesity is endemic in human populations in the western society, and with mounting evidence that the intestinal ecological environment plays a major role in its pathogenesis, identification of therapies based on intestinal microbiota modulation are gaining attention. Obesity in companion animals is also a common clinical problem. We set out using a multidimensional approach, to determine the effectiveness and safety of a weight loss program for horses incorporating diet restriction and exercise.

'It takes a village': a qualitative study on malnutrition and oral nutritional supplements with older adults in Ireland.

Background: Malnutrition affects approximately 20% of older adult populations in Europe, yet their views on the condition are rarely explored. This qualitative study aimed to explore the experiences of older adults living with malnutrition and prescribed oral nutritional supplements in the community setting.

Methods: Semi-structured individual interviews were used to collect data from 13 community-dwelling individuals aged ≥60 years with a current or previous prescription for oral nutritional supplements.

Malnutrition: A Misunderstood Diagnosis by Primary Care Health Care Professionals and Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Ireland.

Background: Language and communication have an impact on how a clinical condition is treated and experienced, from both the health care professional (HCP) and patient perspective. Malnutrition is prevalent among community-dwelling older adults, yet perceptions of patient understanding of the term malnutrition to date remain underexplored.

Objective: This qualitative study explored the use and perceptions of the term malnutrition among HCPs and older adults at risk of malnutrition.

Obesity, Adiposity, and Risk of Symptomatic Gallstone Disease According to Genetic Susceptibility.

Background & Aims: Adiposity has been consistently associated with gallstone disease risk. We aimed to characterize associations of anthropometric measures (body mass index [BMI], recent weight change, long-term weight change, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio) with symptomatic gallstone disease according to strata of gallstone disease polygenic risk score (PRS).

Methods: We conducted analysis among 34,626 participants with available genome-wide genetic data within 3 large, prospective, U.

Effect of IL-8 haplotype on temporal profile in circulating concentrations of interleukin 8 and 25(OH) vitamin D in Holstein-Friesian calves.

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is an inflammatory chemokine released during the primary innate immune response to recruit neutrophils to the site of infection. Two distinct gene promoter haplotypes have been previously reported to segregate in the Holstein-Friesian breed (IL8-h1 and IL8-h2). Our earlier work showed how these divergent IL8 haplotypes influence IL-8 concentration and other immune response parameters at a systemic level.

Interactions of Carbohydrate Intake and Physical Activity with Regulatory Genes Affecting Glycaemia: A Food4Me Study Analysis.

Introduction: Carbohydrate intake and physical activity are related to glucose homeostasis, both being influenced by individual genetic makeup. However, the interactions between these 2 factors, as affected by genetics, on glycaemia have been scarcely reported.

Objective: We focused on analysing the interplay between carbohydrate intake and physical activity levels on blood glucose, taking into account a genetic risk score (GRS), based on SNPs related to glucose/energy metabolism.

Effect of Combined Interval and Continuous Exercise Training on Gastric Emptying, Appetite, and Adaptive Responses in Men With Overweight and Obesity.

Characterizing compensatory and adaptive responses to exercise assists in understanding changes in energy balance and health outcomes with exercise interventions. This study investigated the effects of a short-term exercise intervention (combining high intensity interval (HII) and continuous exercise) on (1) gastric emptying, appetite and energy intake; and (2) other adaptive responses including cardiorespiratory fitness, in inactive men with overweight/obesity. Fifteen men (BMI: 29.

Metabolic Hormone Profiles in Breast Milk From Mothers of Moderate-Late Preterm Infants Are Associated With Growth From Birth to 4 Months in a Sex-Specific Manner.

Differing environmental conditions experienced by mother-infant dyads may influence composition of the milk received by the infant. As a consequence, diverse milk compositional profiles may contribute to different postnatal outcomes, especially in infants facing adverse perinatal environments. We investigated whether variability in milk concentrations of key metabolic hormones is associated with different growth outcomes in infants born preterm, a perinatal complication known to impact on infant growth.

Crosstalk Between LXR and Caveolin-1 Signaling Supports Cholesterol Efflux and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways in Macrophages.

Macrophages are immune cells that play crucial roles in host defense against pathogens by triggering their exceptional phagocytic and inflammatory functions. Macrophages that reside in healthy tissues also accomplish important tasks to preserve organ homeostasis, including lipid uptake/efflux or apoptotic-cell clearance. Both homeostatic and inflammatory functions of macrophages require the precise stability of lipid-rich microdomains located at the cell membrane for the initiation of downstream signaling cascades.

The changing microbiome of poultry meat; from farm to fridge.

Chickens play host to a diverse community of microorganisms which constitute the microflora of the live bird. Factors such as diet, genetics and immune system activity affect this complex population within the bird, while external influences including weather and exposure to other animals alter the development of the microbiome. Bacteria from these settings including Campylobacter and Salmonella play an important role in the quality and safety of end-products from these birds.