Smoky coal, tobacco smoking, and lung cancer risk in Xuanwei, China.

Objectives: Lung cancer rates in Xuanwei are the highest in China. In-home use of smoky coal has been associated with lung cancer risk, and the association of smoking and lung cancer risk strengthened after stove improvement. Here, we explored the differential association of tobacco use and lung cancer risk by the intensity, duration, and type of coal used.

History of lung disease and risk of lung cancer in a population with high household fuel combustion exposures in rural China.

History of chronic lung diseases and household coal use for heating and cooking are established risk factors of lung cancer; however, few studies have been able to explore these risk factors simultaneously. Xuanwei, China, has some of the highest rates of lung cancer in China and most residents experience substantial in-home coal smoke exposures. Using a population-based case-control study of 498 lung cancer cases and 498 age-matched controls, we evaluated the risk of lung cancer in relation to coal smoke exposure and history of chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, tuberculosis (TB), chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.

[The applications for Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis technique in preventive medicine field].

This paper expatriated the applications for Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis technique in preventive medicine field from four aspects of environmental pollution, life science, and the latest infrared analysis methods and near infrared analysis technique. In the environmental pollution field, it mainly described the advantages, the limitations and the solutions of the combined applications for gas chromatograph and Fourier transform infrared spectrum. In the life science field, it described the application for Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis technique on protein secondary structure, membrane protein, phospholipid, nucleic acid, cell, tissue.

[Effects of air pollution from coal combustion on lung function in children].

In order to observe effects of air pollution from burning coal on children's health, Four hundred fifty junior schoolers selected from three survey sites in Taiyuan city with different degrees air pollution were investigated using questionnairing survey and the lung function were tested. The results showed that children's pulmonary function in survey site A is lower than site B, and site B is lower than site C. The prevalence of ventilation disfunction were correlated to the types of heating, the separation of kitchen and bedroom and the pollutants concentration with logistic model.

[A fitting power curve equation for the accumulative inhaling volume in Chinese under 19 years old].

A fitting power curve equation based on the breath frequency and body weight for the accumulative inhaling volume in Chinese under 19 years old was established. The equation is Y = 754.37 + 258.

[Glutathione S-transferase GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes and susceptibility to lung cancer].

A 1:1 matched population-based case-control study was conducted in Xuanwei City, Yunnan Province, where the lung cancer mortality is among China's highest. In this study there were 86 newly diagnosed lung cancer cases and 86 matched control subjects with the same sex, fuel type used, and age(+/- 2 years). Buccal cells were collected from each subject to determine the genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1.

[Effects of strontium in drinking water on the growth of school-age children].

An epidemiological study on the effect of strontium in drinking water on body shape development, bone age, prevalence of caries and dental fluorosis was carried out. The results show: there is a certain promotion on the development of bone age of school-age children, especially of girls, and there is no obvious impact on body shape developing when the concentration of strontium in drinking water is only 10 mg/L. The correlation between strontium in drinking water and the prevalence of caries in children could not get a conclusive evidence in this paper.

[Correlation of arsenic accumulative intake and its health effects to the residents in arsenic polluted area. Estimation of arsenic accumulative intake level of residents living in arsenic polluted area].

In order to evaluate arsenic accumulative intake level of residents living in an area with arsenic pollution in the air, the level of arsenic accumulative intake is measured by calculating residents' accumulative rice consumption and the measurement of the level via inhalation. The results show that ignoring the non-polluted time periods, the highest arsenic accumulative intake level (AAIL) appears in residents aged 50 and above who have the highest level of air inhalation and rice consumption in comparison with young residents after 32 years exposure, and their AAIL detected via inhalation are 591.4 mg for female and 612.

[Effects of air pollution from coal-burning on respiratory diseases and symptoms in children].

To study effects of air pollution from coal-burning on children's health of 6-13 years old, A cross sectional epidemiological study was carried out in three places in Taiyuan city with different degrees air pollution by questionnaire and testing children's nasal cavity and oral cavity. The result showed that the incidence of rhinitis, faucitis and tonsillitis increased significantly with the extent of air pollution. The risk of the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and diseases were also increased among those children living in the area with heavy ambient air pollution.

[Effect of coal-burning air pollution on children immune function].

Study of effect of coal-burning air pollution on children immunity function was hold in Taiyuan city which is one of typical coal-burning air pollution city in China. The children of grade 4-5 who dwell more than 3 years were screened in three different pollution areas. The test includes the observation on the T lymphocyte subpopulations classes (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+), saliva lysozyme contents and immunoglobulin content.

[Estimation of arsenic accumulative intake and residents' health effects in an air pollution area--relationship between arsenic accumulative intake level and arsenicism prevalence].

This paper reports the results of epidemiological survey on health effects of residents exposed to arsenic in a pollution area and estimation of arsenic accumulative intake level (EAAIL) based on calculating accumulative rice consumption and via inhalation way. 795 persons were sampled randomly from the polluted area, among whom 674 persons and 83 persons were diagnosed with Chronic Arsenic Absorption (CAA) and Chronic Arsenicism (CA) according to the National Diagnose Standard respectively. There were 60.

[Quantified study on human health impact caused by coal-burning air pollution in China].

To develop the mathematics model of exposure to coal-burning pollution; To confirm the exposure level of coal-burning pollutants by source analysis of atmospheric particulates; To establish the quantilification technology and methods of human health impact. Combinating the methods of epidemiology, environmental chemistry and contaminated aerography. We obtained the data of human historical expose to PM10, PM2.

[Research on the relationship between populations' long-term exposure to fluoride in drinking water and bone fracture in China].

There are contradictory reports on the prevalence of bone fractures associated with long-term fluoride exposure from drinking water. The prevalence of bone fracture in six rural areas of China and the exposure of fluoride in drinking water was investigated. The data including medical history and demographic information, bone fractures, fluoride content in drinking water, physical activity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and dietary intakes were collected.

[Effects of air pollution from burning coal on respiratory diseases in adults].

A cross sectional epidemiological study on the effect of air pollution from burning coal on the occurrence of respiratory symptoms and diseases in adults was carried out in Taiyuan city of Shanxi province. Adult residents above 25 year-old living in three areas with different degrees of pollution were selected. The results showed that the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and diseases increased with the extent of air pollution after age, sex, occupation, smoking, indoor coal-burning and history of diseases were adjusted with Logistic model.

Household stove improvement and risk of lung cancer in Xuanwei, China.

Background: Lung cancer rates in rural Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province, are among the highest in China. Residents traditionally burned "smoky" coal in unvented indoor firepits that generated very high levels of air pollution. Since the 1970s, most residents have changed from firepits to stoves with chimneys.

[Hygienic appraisal on apartment houses in the western district of Beijing].

A survey on the essential factors of building hygiene of 12 apartment houses in the Western District of Beijing was presented. The site environment layout of rooms, illumination, ventilation, microclimate, indoor air quality, floor area per person, necessary equipped facilities etc, in the apartment, and its hygienic appraisal were assessed. The results and appraisal of the study showed that almost all the essential factors of building hygiene complied with the requirements of the national hygienic standards for air pollutants in indoors and in hotels.

[Survey on the current status of drinking water supply, latrines and the health knowledge of residents in the remote rural areas of several provinces of China].

A survey on the current status of drinking water supply, latrines and the health knowledge of residents in the remote rural areas of the southwest and northwest of China was reported. A stratified cluster sampling method was adopted in the survey. 83 poverty countries and 74,900 families were involved in the survey and four hundred thousands data were obtained by home visiting.

[Study on standards for safe and health-protective zone in firework plant].

A retrospective investigation on technology and situation in the production of fireworks, the cause and hazard consequences of accidents in blossom firework enterprises was carried out. The risk factors and their origins, the potential effects on surrounding environments and residents, the manufacture processes producing special potential energy in these enterprises were summarized and assessed. In addition, the consequences of explosive fire accidents were assessed retrospectively by the principle of explosion mechanics and Hopkinson Scaling Law.

[Risk state analysis on lung cancer of male in Xuanwei, China].

The analysis of lung cancer risk factors among male population was based on the data of a retrospective cohort study conducted during 1976-1996 in Xuanwei, China. The results verified that the indoor air pollution from burning smoky coal was the main cause of high lung cancer mortality, and found that cigarette smoking was also significantly related with the lung cancer mortality. Using risk state analysis theory, fuel types(including household stove improvement), smoking and the history of chronic bronchitis were selected as the covariance for the analysis.

[Disinfection for cistern water].

Rainwater is often collected into cisterns (pits or tanks) for household using as drinking water source in the rural areas of the northwest and the southeast coast in China, where no enough fresh water resource is available. However, the total number of bacteria and coliforms in the cisterns water was higher than the standard of that in drinking water. In order to ensure the safety for drinking, the effectiveness, conditions of treatment and cost for such disinfection methods compared with solar radiation, ultraviolet (UV), chloridation, micro-filteration and KDF were studied in 10 households in Cixi of Zhejiang Province and Weiyuan of Gansu Provinces, respectively.

[Effect of lead exposure in prenatal and postnatal duration on infant growth].

The blood lead (PbB) levels of pregnant women and their babies were followed up since the third month of pregnancy until their babies were 2 years old. The general condition of delivery, family history of the pregnant women, feeding and development of infants were investigated. Prenatal and postnatal PbB levels and their effects on infant growth were analysed.

[Emergency measures on drinking water sanitation for mitigation of flood and waterlogging disasters].

This article reports the emergency measures for mitigation during flood and waterlogging disasters to ensure drinking water sanitation and to prevent infectious disease outbreaks. Five preparatory and preventive measures for flood and waterlogging disasters include the construction of dual-purpose water supply installation for ordinary and disaster use, the storage of qualified technicians and materials (or their inventories), and the formulation of predetermination programme for disaster relief, ect.

[Evaluation on the effects of water defluoridation measures in China. Research Group Evaluation on the Effects of Water Defluoridation Measures in China].

In order to find out the situation of management and application of water defluoridation measures, as well as the effects on the prevention of endemic fluorosis in 10 provinces and cities with heavy endemic fluorosis from the drinking water sources, 1960 water engineering projects accounting for about 10% of all projects were investigated. The authors applied uniform method, criteria and forms to carry out the retrospective investigation. The data were entered into the computer database and analyzed statistically.

[Effects of static magnetic fields on free radical metabolism of human body].

The effects of static magnetic fields at 150 to 155 mT on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the contents of maglonydiadehyde (MDA) in the serum and the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the whole blood were observed in the healthy volunteers. The results showed that the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were significantly increased, and the content of MDA was significantly decreased in short term at the observed magnitude of static magnetic fields. The results suggest that the function of the free radical metabolism of human body could be improved by static magnetic fields at that magnitude.

Renal dysfunction from cadmium contamination of irrigation water: dose-response analysis in a Chinese population.

In a cadmium-contaminated area in China and a nearby non-contaminated area, 342 persons were selected for studies of a possible relationship between cadmium dose (i.e. total cadmium intake) and response in terms of renal dysfunction.