Ammonium chloride mitigates the amplification of fish virus by blocking autophagy-dependent replication.

Ammonia fertilizer, primarily composed of ammonium chloride, is widely used in pond fish farming throughout Asia. Despite the belief that it possesses antiviral properties, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) has been demonstrated to act as a potent inhibitor of autophagy, which is used by many fish viruses to promote their proliferation during infection.

In memoriam: Carl J. Carrano : July 14, 1950-January 26, 2022.

This article is a celebration of the life and work of Carl J. Carrano who, from a childhood in Long Island, New York, built a career in bioinorganic chemistry, especially in the context of metal uptake and halogen metabolism in microbes and marine organisms.

Evaluating Toxic Interactions of Polystyrene Microplastics with Hazardous and Noxious Substances Using the Early Life Stages of the Marine Bivalve .

Plastics pose a significant threat to marine ecosystems, owing to their slow biodegradability. Microplastics (MPs), in particular, affect marine life and maricultural organisms and can enter the food chain via ingestion by marine organisms, leading to bioaccumulation in predators, including humans. This study assessed the toxic interactions between polystyrene microplastic particles (PSMPs) and cadmium (Cd) and phenanthrene (Phe) using marine bivalves.

Novel associations among insect herbivores and trees: Patterns of occurrence and damage on pines and eucalypts.

Globalization has led to a significant increase in the establishment of forest plantations with exotic species and to the accidental introduction of forest insects worldwide. Cumulatively, these factors contribute to the increased occurrence of novel associations between phytophagous insects and trees, leading to new interactions between species that have not historically co-occurred. Here, we reviewed the patterns of novel associations between herbivorous insects and pines and eucalypts at a global scale and identified factors that could favor the occurrence of novel associations and their impacts on forestry.

Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from reference, restored, and disturbed estuarine wetlands in Pacific Northwest, USA.

There is substantial interest in restoring tidal wetlands because of their high rates of long-term soil carbon sequestration and other valued ecosystem services. However, these wetlands are sometimes net sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) that may offset their climate cooling potential. GHG fluxes vary widely within and across tidal wetlands, so it is essential to better understand how key environmental drivers, and importantly, land management, affect GHG dynamics.

Construction costs and tradeoffs in carnivorous pitcher plant leaves: towards a pitcher leaf economic spectrum.

Background: Leaf economic theory holds that physiological constraints to photosynthesis have a role in the coordinated evolution of multiple leaf traits, an idea that can be extended to carnivorous plants occupying a particular trait space that is constrained by key costs and benefits. Pitcher traps are modified leaves that may face steep photosynthetic costs: a high-volume, three-dimensional tubular structure may be less efficient than a flat lamina. While past research has investigated the photosynthetic costs of pitchers, the exact suite of constraints shaping pitcher trait variation remain under-explored-including constraints to carnivorous function.

Unraveling the impact of marine heatwaves on the Eukaryome of the emblematic Mediterranean red coral .

Global warming is intensifying heatwaves worldwide, leading to more frequent and severe temperature extremes. This study investigates the impact of the unprecedented 2022 Mediterranean heatwaves on the coral eukaryome, which has received little attention despite its known importance to coral holobiont functioning. Fifty-six colonies of the iconic red coral from the Mediterranean Sea were collected at different sites, depths, and health states.

Jurassic Park approached: a coccid from Kimmeridgian cheirolepidiacean Aintourine Lebanese amber.

With the exception of a fly and a mite from the Triassic of Italy, all Mesozoic amber arthropods are from the Cretaceous. Late Jurassic Lebanese amber from Aintourine revealed a completely preserved adult coccid male (wing length 0.8 mm), gen.

The fate of biodegradable polylactic acid microplastics in maize: impacts on cellular ion fluxes and plant growth.

The widespread application of biodegradable microplastics (MPs) in recent years has resulted in a significant increase in their accumulation in the environment, posing potential threats to ecosystems. Thus, it is imperative to evaluate the distribution and transformation of biodegradable MPs in crops due to the utilization of wastewater containing MPs for irrigation and plastic films, which have led to a rising concentration of biodegradable MPs in agricultural soils. The present study analyzed the uptake and transformation of polylactic acid (PLA) MPs in maize.

Chemical Recognition and Spectrum-Effect Relationship of UPLC-MS Chromatograms With Anti-Complementary and Antioxidant Activities of Myricariae Ramulus.

Introduction: Myricariae Ramulus (MR) is a traditional anti-inflammatory Tibetan medicine derived from the branches and leafy twigs of various Myricaria plants, such as Myricaria wardii Marquand.

Objective: This study performed spectrum-effect analyses on 15 batches of MR, sourced from various origins and medicinal parts, to identify quality markers associated with its anti-inflammatory effects.

Materials And Methods: The anti-inflammatory effects of different extracts and fractions from M.

Composition and diversity of rumen mycobiota in Jiani yaks ( jiani): insights into microbial ecology and functions.

This study aimed to explore the diversity and functions of rumen mycobiota in 14‑ (PLf) and 15‑rib (DLf) Jiani yaks using ITS sequencing. A total of 1,079,105 and 1,086,799 filtered sequences were obtained for the PLf and DLf groups, respectively, with 491 ASVs common to both. No significant difference regarding the α‑diversity of mycobiota within the two groups was observed.

Setting goals for pollinator gardens.

In recent years, declines in animal pollinators have stimulated tremendous interest in pollinator-friendly gardening. There is a widespread notion that pollinator gardens are beneficial, but the specific capacity of pollinator gardens to improve biodiversity conservation and societal well-being remains unclear. We argue that setting clear ecological and social goals can clarify the value of pollinator gardens for both pollinators and people.

An evaluation of important plant areas around the world.

Area-based approaches have long dominated biodiversity conservation and have been reinforced by the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. The important plant area (IPA) approach is a leading framework for the spatial conservation prioritization of plants and fungi, but over 20 years since its launch, its application and conservation outcomes remained unevaluated. Through systematic mapping and semistructured interviews of key informants, we evaluated IPAs globally.

Global Greening Major Contributed by Climate Change With More Than Two Times Rate Against the History Period During the 21th Century.

Future variations of global vegetation are of paramount importance for the socio-ecological systems. However, up to now, it is still difficult to develop an approach to project the global vegetation considering the spatial heterogeneities from vegetation, climate factors, and models. Therefore, this study first proposes a novel model framework named GGMAOC (grid-by-grid; multi-algorithms; optimal combination) to construct an optimal model using six algorithms (i.

Evolutionary implications of a deep-time perspective on insect pollination.

Plant pollination by insects represents one of the most transformative and iconic ecological relationships in the natural world. Despite tens of thousands of papers, as well as numerous books, on pollination biology published over the past 200 years, most studies focused on the fossil record of pollinating insects have only been published in the last few decades, and this field is still undergoing major developments. Current palaeontological evidence indicates that pollinating insects were diverse and participated in the reproduction of different gymnosperm lineages long before their association with flowering plants (angiosperms).

Effects of different concentrations of chlormequat chloride on bacterial community composition and diversity in peanut soil.

The application of pesticides may have significant impacts on soil environment and communities. In order to understand the deep relationship between the application of chlormequat chloride (CC) and the bacterial community in peanut soil, high-resolution characterization was performed using peanut soil samples (12 points; 0-20 cm rhizosphere soil) from untreated and sprayed with different concentrations of CC. Experimental data showed that with the increase of concentration, operational taxonomic units (OTUs) richness showed a decreasing tendency.

The relationship between growth, anatomical structure, and quality in different parts and stages of edible bamboo shoots of Dendrocalamus latiflorus.

Background: Dendrocalamus latiflorus is widely distributed in southern China and has high ornamental and edible value. The growth dynamics and the associations between growth and the distribution of nutrients or chemical components across various parts and stages of shoot development remain inadequately understood. In this study, tender shoots of D.

Development of convergent adaptations reveal highly conserved early ontogenetic skull shape in fishes with amphibious vision.

The development of skeletal elements in fish is strongly influenced by the functional demands and environmental constraints they face during different life stages but mostly occurs during their larval development. One example of late modifications within the skeletal system is the adaptation of the skull and eye morphology that allows for amphibious vision in the four-eyed fishes Anableps spp. Another species that is equally capable of simultaneous aquatic and aerial vision, Rhinomugil corsula, has been widely neglected in this field of research, although it presents great opportunities for comparative analyses on the evolution of this ability.

Natural history traits influence winners and losers for herpetological communities in disturbed tropical habitats.

Habitat alteration can lead to a few 'winning' species outcompeting many 'losing' species, an effect commonly termed as 'Winner-Loser-Replacements' or WLRs. This can lead to homogenisation of species assemblages at phylogenetic and functional levels. Most previous studies analyse responses of species abundance without considering natural history traits associated with those species.

Description of Cytobacillus Mangrovibacter sp. nov., and Cytobacillus Spartinae sp. nov., Isolated from Mangrove Sediment.

Two Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, and motile strains FJAT-53684 and FJAT-54145 were isolated from the mangrove sediment. They optimally grew at pH 8.0 and could tolerate NaCl up to 5% (w/v).

The pan-genome of Spodoptera frugiperda provides new insights into genome evolution and horizontal gene transfer.

Spodoptera frugiperda is a common and severely damaging agricultural pest. In-depth analysis of its population genomics and transcriptomics is crucial for providing references for pest control efforts. This study, focused on the extensive variation in the genome size of S.

Higher temperature sensitivity of forest soil methane oxidation in colder climates.

Forest soils, serving as an important sink for atmospheric methane (CH), modulate the global CH budget. However, the direction and magnitude of the forest soil CH sink under warming remain uncertain, partly because the temperature response of microbial CH oxidation varies substantially across geographical scales. Here, we reveal the spatial variation in the response of forest soil microbial CH oxidation to warming, along with the driving factors, across 84 sites spanning a broad latitudinal gradient in eastern China.

Muscle transcriptome profiles in elite male ultra-endurance athletes acclimated to a high-carbohydrate versus low-carbohydrate diet.

Low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets enhance lipid metabolism and decrease reliance on glucose oxidation in athletes, but the associated gene expression patterns remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether coordinated molecular pathways in skeletal muscle may be revealed by differential expression of genes driven by dietary profile, exercise, and/or their interaction. We investigated the skeletal muscle transcriptome in elite ultra-endurance athletes habitually (~ 20 months) consuming a high-carbohydrate, low-fat (HC, n = 10, 33 ± 6y, VO2max = 63.

Role of low-level alternating current and impedance for enhancing microalgae biomass and lipid production.

Microalgae hold significant potential for producing value-added bioproducts in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, and biofuel industries, with a global market value estimated at US$ 11.8 billion in 2023. Innovations in culturing systems, such as electric stimulation, aim to enhance growth performance, as it can improve cellular processes, including nutrient uptake and lipid accumulation.

The Salient Aroma Hypothesis: host plant specialization is linked with plant volatile availability in Lepidoptera.

Host plant use in Lepidoptera has been a primary focus in studies of ecological specialization, and multiple factors are likely to be involved in shaping the evolution of diet breadth. Here, we first describe the Salient Aroma Hypothesis, suggesting that the availability of chemical information, particularly host-associated aromas, plays a critical role in shaping dietary specialization. According to the Salient Aroma Hypothesis, herbivores active during periods when chemical information is abundant, particularly during the daytime hours when plant aromas are hypothesized to be more prevalent, are more likely to evolve specialized diets.