Competitive neurocognitive processes following bereavement.

Bereavement is a common human experience that often involves significant impacts on psychological, emotional and even cognitive functioning. Though various psychological theories have been proposed to conceptualize the grief process, our current understanding of the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms of grief is limited. The present paper proposes a neurocognitive model to understand phenomena in typical grief, which links loss-related reactions to underlying learning and executive processes.

The domain-variant indirect association between electrophysiological response to reward and ADHD presentations is moderated by dopaminergic polymorphisms.

Background: Understanding the etiopathogenesis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may necessitate decomposition of the heterogeneous clinical phenotype into more homogeneous intermediate phenotypes. Reinforcement sensitivity is a promising candidate, but the exact nature of the ADHD-reward relation - including how, for whom, and to which ADHD dimensions atypicalities in reward processing are relevant - is equivocal.

Methods: Aims were to examine, in a carefully phenotyped sample of adolescents (N = 305; M = 15.

Neural phoneme discrimination in variable speech in newborns - Associations with dyslexia risk and later language skills.

A crucial skill in infant language acquisition is learning of the native language phonemes. This requires the ability to group complex sounds into distinct auditory categories based on their shared features. Problems in phonetic learning have been suggested to underlie language learning difficulties in dyslexia, a developmental reading-skill deficit.

Altered interpersonal distance regulation in autism spectrum disorder.

Interpersonal distance regulation is an essential element of social communication. Its impairment in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is widely acknowledged among practitioners, but only a handful of studies reported empirical research in real-life settings, focusing mainly on children. Interpersonal distance in adults with ASD and related autonomic functions received less attention.

Automatic detection of irregular vanishing and reappearing parts of objects in two interwoven sequences: A visual mismatch negativity study.

The cognitive system automatically develops predictions on the basis of regularities of event sequences and reacts to the violation of these predictions. In the visual modality, the electrophysiological signature of this process is an event-related potential component, the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN). So far, we have no data, whether the system underlying vMMN is capable of dealing with more than one event sequence simultaneously.

Reading fluency and statistical learning across modalities and domains: Online and offline measures.

The vulnerability of statistical learning has been demonstrated in reading difficulties in both the visual and acoustic modalities. We examined segmentation abilities of Hungarian speaking adolescents with different levels of reading fluency in the acoustic verbal and visual nonverbal domains. We applied online target detection tasks, where the extent of learning is reflected in differences between reaction times to predictable versus unpredictable targets.

Modality-specific and modality-independent neural representations work in concert in predictive processes during sequence learning.

Probabilistic sequence learning supports the development of skills and enables predictive processing. It remains contentious whether visuomotor sequence learning is driven by the representation of the visual sequence (perceptual coding) or by the representation of the response sequence (motor coding). Neurotypical adults performed a visuomotor sequence learning task.

Adolescent ADHD and electrophysiological reward responsiveness: A machine learning approach to evaluate classification accuracy and prognosis.

We evaluated event-related potential (ERP) indices of reinforcement sensitivity as ADHD biomarkers by examining, in N=306 adolescents (M=15.78, SD=1.08), the extent to which ERP amplitude and latency variables measuring reward anticipation and response (1) differentiate, in age- and sex-matched subsamples, (i) youth with vs.

Edge computing on TPU for brain implant signal analysis.

The ever-increasing number of recording sites of silicon-based probes imposes a great challenge for detecting and evaluating single-unit activities in an accurate and efficient manner. Currently separate solutions are available for high precision offline evaluation and separate solutions for embedded systems where computational resources are more limited. We propose a deep learning-based spike sorting system, that utilizes both unsupervised and supervised paradigms to learn a general feature embedding space and detect neural activity in raw data as well as predict the feature vectors for sorting.

Lifespan developmental invariance in memory consolidation: evidence from procedural memory.

Characterizing ontogenetic changes across the lifespan is a crucial tool in understanding neurocognitive functions. While age-related changes in learning and memory functions have been extensively characterized in the past decades, the lifespan trajectory of memory consolidation, a critical function that supports the stabilization and long-term retention of memories, is still poorly understood. Here we focus on this fundamental cognitive function and probe the consolidation of procedural memories that underlie cognitive, motor, and social skills and automatic behaviors.

Synchrony to a beat predicts synchrony with other minds.

Synchrony has been used to describe simple beat entrainment as well as correlated mental processes between people, leading some to question whether the term conflates distinct phenomena. Here we ask whether simple synchrony (beat entrainment) predicts more complex attentional synchrony, consistent with a common mechanism. While eye-tracked, participants listened to regularly spaced tones and indicated changes in volume.

The role of attention control in visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) studies.

The detection of unattended visual changes is investigated by the visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) component of event-related potentials (ERPs). The vMMN is measured as the difference between the ERPs to infrequent (deviant) and frequent (standard) stimuli irrelevant to the ongoing task. In the present study, we used human faces expressing different emotions as deviants and standards.

How uncertain are you? Disentangling expected and unexpected uncertainty in pupil-linked brain arousal during reversal learning.

During decision making, we are continuously faced with two sources of uncertainty regarding the links between stimuli, our actions, and outcomes. On the one hand, our expectations are often probabilistic, that is, stimuli or actions yield the expected outcome only with a certain probability (expected uncertainty). On the other hand, expectations might become invalid due to sudden, unexpected changes in the environment (unexpected uncertainty).

Investigating the involvement of cognitive control processes in innovative and adaptive creativity and their age-related changes.

Introduction: Based on the two-factor model of creativity, two distinct types of creative problem solving can be differentiated: innovative ("do things differently") and adaptive ("do things better"). Flexible cognitive control is a crucial concept in connection with both general and specific styles of creativity: innovative problem-solving benefits from broader attention and flexible mental set shifting; while adaptive creativity relies on focused attention and persistent goal-oriented processes. We applied an informatively cued task-switching paradigm which is suitable for measuring different cognitive control processes and mechanisms like proactive and reactive control.

Manipulating the Rapid Consolidation Periods in a Learning Task Affects General Skills More than Statistical Learning and Changes the Dynamics of Learning.

Memory consolidation processes have traditionally been investigated from the perspective of hours or days. However, recent developments in memory research have shown that memory consolidation processes could occur even within seconds, possibly because of the neural replay of just practiced memory traces during short breaks. Here, we investigate this rapid form of consolidation during statistical learning.

The association between metamemory, subjective memory complaints, mood, and well-being: the Hungarian validation of Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire.

The current study addressed the relationship between subjective memory complaints and negative affect, well-being, and demographic variables by investigating the Hungarian version of Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire. The original factor structure showed a poor fit on our data; therefore, principal component analysis was conducted on data from 577 participants, ranging in age from 18 to 92 years. Our analysis provided a six-component solution: Satisfaction, Retrospective memory mistakes, Prospective memory mistakes, External Strategies, Internal Strategies, and Frustration.

The Association Between Prenatal Maternal Stress and Adolescent Affective Outcomes is Mediated by Childhood Maltreatment and Adolescent Behavioral Inhibition System Sensitivity.

Prenatal maternal stress is linked to offspring outcomes; however, there is little research on adolescents, behavioral, transdiagnostic outcomes, or the mechanisms through which relations operate. We examined, in N = 268 adolescents (M = 15.31 years; SD = 1.

Owner-rated hyperactivity/impulsivity is associated with sleep efficiency in family dogs: a non-invasive EEG study.

Subjective sleep disturbances are reported by humans with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, no consistent objective findings related to sleep disturbances led to the removal of sleep problems from ADHD diagnostic criteria. Dogs have been used as a model for human ADHD with questionnaires validated for this purpose.

Validation of the Hungarian version of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ).

Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) is a widely utilized tool to measure the frequency of everyday cognitive lapses. Here we present a validation study of the Hungarian translation of CFQ. A subsample (n = 157) filled out the questionnaire twice within a 7-21 days interval to determine test-retest reliability.

Deterministic and probabilistic regularities underlying risky choices are acquired in a changing decision context.

Predictions supporting risky decisions could become unreliable when outcome probabilities temporarily change, making adaptation more challenging. Therefore, this study investigated whether sensitivity to the temporal structure in outcome probabilities can develop and remain persistent in a changing decision environment. In a variant of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task with 90 balloons, outcomes (rewards or balloon bursts) were predictable in the task's first and final 30 balloons and unpredictable in the middle 30 balloons.

Speech prosody supports speaker selection and auditory stream segregation in a multi-talker situation.

To process speech in a multi-talker environment, listeners need to segregate the mixture of incoming speech streams and focus their attention on one of them. Potentially, speech prosody could aid the segregation of different speakers, the selection of the desired speech stream, and detecting targets within the attended stream. For testing these issues, we recorded behavioral responses and extracted event-related potentials and functional brain networks from electroencephalographic signals recorded while participants listened to two concurrent speech streams, performing a lexical detection and a recognition memory task in parallel.

Six facial prosodic expressions caregivers similarly display to infants and dogs.

Parents tend to use a specific communication style, including specific facial expressions, when speaking to their preverbal infants which has important implications for children's healthy development. In the present study, we investigated these facial prosodic features of caregivers with a novel method that compares infant-, dog- and adult-directed communication. We identified three novel facial displays in addition to the already described three facial expressions (i.

The complexity of measuring reliability in learning tasks: An illustration using the Alternating Serial Reaction Time Task.

Despite the fact that reliability estimation is crucial for robust inference, it is underutilized in neuroscience and cognitive psychology. Appreciating reliability can help researchers increase statistical power, effect sizes, and reproducibility, decrease the impact of measurement error, and inform methodological choices. However, accurately calculating reliability for many experimental learning tasks is challenging.

Are head-down tilt bedrest studies capturing the true nature of spaceflight-induced cognitive changes? A review.

Although a number of studies have examined cognitive functions in space, the reasons behind the observed changes described by space research and anecdotal reports have not yet been elucidated. A potential source of cognitive changes is the cephalad fluid shift in the body caused by the lack of hydrostatic pressure under microgravity. These alterations can be modeled under terrestrial conditions using ground-based studies, such as head-down tilt bedrest (HDBR).

Stimulus frequency alone can account for the size effect in number comparison.

In a number comparison task, the size effect (i.e, smaller values are easier to compare than larger values) is usually attributed to a psychophysics-based representation. However, alternative models assume that the size effect is a frequency effect: Smaller numbers are easier to process because they are observed more frequently.