Hypoxia and extracellular vesicles: A review on methods, vesicular cargo and functions.

Hypoxia is an essential hallmark of several serious diseases such as cardiovascular and metabolic disorders and cancer. A decline in the tissue oxygen level induces hypoxic responses in cells which strive to adapt to the changed conditions. A failure to adapt to prolonged or severe hypoxia can trigger cell death.

Perception and Respiratory Responses of the Upper Airway Mechanism to Added Resistance With Aging.

Objectives: To assess breathing behaviors and perception of added respiratory loads in young compared to old individuals, and to determine whether aging affects the perception and response to changes in nasal airway resistance.

Study Design: In a clinical study, 40 young (11-20 years) and 40 older (59-82 years) subjects were evaluated during rest breathing and during the application of added airway resistance loads.

Methods: The pressure-flow technique was used to measure airflow rate (mL/s) and oral-nasal pressures (cmHO) to calculate nasal resistance (cmHO/L/s).