Exosome-derived proteins in gastric cancer progression, drug resistance, and immune response.

Gastric cancer (GC) represents a prevalent malignancy globally, often diagnosed at advanced stages owing to subtle early symptoms, resulting in a poor prognosis. Exosomes are extracellular nano-sized vesicles and are secreted by various cells. Mounting evidence indicates that exosomes contain a wide range of molecules, such as DNA, RNA, lipids, and proteins, and play crucial roles in multiple cancers including GC.

FOLR2 macrophage depletion from intestinal metaplasia to early gastric cancer: single-cell sequencing insight into gastric cancer progression.

Background: The immune landscape associated with different subtypes of intestinal metaplasia (IM) and early gastric cancer (EGC) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the immune landscape of complete intestinal metaplasia (CIM), incomplete intestinal metaplasia (IIM), and EGC, as well as the underlying mechanisms of EGC progression.

Methods: Gastric biopsy samples were collected from five patients with CIM, six patients with IIM, and four patients with EGC, followed by single-cell RNA sequencing.

Th17/Treg balance is regulated during the suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis treated by Astragalus polysaccharides via the microbiota-gut-brain axis.

The Th17/Treg imbalance is an important cause of immune cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS) in multiple sclerosis (MS). The gut microbiota affects the Th17/Treg balance in the gut and in distal areas, such as the CNS, which further contributes to the onset and progression of MS. Our previous studies have shown that Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) has a role in alleviating the clinical symptoms and demyelination of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice, a classic MS model.

Promoting Prevention and Targeting Remission of Asthma A EUFOREA Consensus Statement on Raising the Bar in Asthma Care.

Topic Importance: Asthma is a common multifaceted respiratory disease with a major impact on quality of life. Despite increased insights into mechanisms underlying various asthma phenotypes/endotypes and the availability of targeted biologic treatment options, a substantial proportion of patients remains uncontrolled with risk of exacerbations, requiring systemic corticosteroids, and progressive disease. Current international guidelines advocate a personalized management approach to patients with uncontrolled severe asthma.

A novel hyperactive variant of the transposase facilitates non-viral genome engineering.

The (SB) transposon system is a useful tool for genetic applications, including gene therapy. We discovered a hyperactive variant of the SB100X transposase, called SB200X. This mutant, resulting from a specific amino acid replacement (Q124C), showed an ∼2-fold increase in transposition activity in various human and murine cells.

Immune digital twins for complex human pathologies: applications, limitations, and challenges.

Digital twins represent a key technology for precision health. Medical digital twins consist of computational models that represent the health state of individual patients over time, enabling optimal therapeutics and forecasting patient prognosis. Many health conditions involve the immune system, so it is crucial to include its key features when designing medical digital twins.

Downregulated KLF4, induced by m6A modification, aggravates intestinal barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease.

Background: Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a transcription factor, is involved in various biological processes. However, the role of KLF4 in regulating the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its mechanism have not been extensively studied.

Methods: KLF4 expression in IBD patients and colitis mice was analyzed using Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO) database, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot.

Preparation and Complex Characterisation of Stabilised Gold Nanoparticles: Biodistribution and Application for High Resolution In Vivo Imaging.

The Turkevich method was optimized to prepare gold nanoparticles (AuNP) stabilized by polyethyleneglycol (PEG) for µCT. Using various independent modalities, we thoroughly characterized the optimized PEG-AuNPs. Here, we show that PEG-AuNPs are retained in the blood and provide a high contrast in the high-resolution µCT imaging of blood vessels and inner organs.

Successful treatment of refractory palmoplantar pustulosis by upadacitinib: report of 28 patients.

Background: Upadacitinib, a specific JAK1 inhibitor, has minimal effect on other JAK subtypes. It influences the inflammatory process in various ways. Upadacitinib has been approved for conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, atopic dermatitis, and ulcerative colitis in various countries.

Demyelination in cuprizone mice is ameliorated by calycosin mediated through astrocyte Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in multiple sclerosis (MS), triggering demyelination predominantly through excessive peroxide production and the depletion of antioxidants. The accumulation of oxidative damage can be caused by dysregulation of astrocytes, which are the brain's main regulators of oxidative homeostasis. Calycosin, an essential bioactive component extracted from Astragalus, is recognized for its neuroprotective properties.

Progressive polyadenylation and m6A modification of Ighg1 mRNA maintain IgG1 antibody homeostasis in antibody-secreting cells.

Antigen-specific antibodies are generated by antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). How RNA post-transcriptional modification affects antibody homeostasis remains unclear. Here, we found that mRNA polyadenylations and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications maintain IgG1 antibody production in ASCs.

Blood Growth Factor Levels in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: High Neuregulin-1 Is Associated with Comorbid Cardiovascular Pathology.

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are known to frequently suffer from comorbid cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). There are abundant data on cytokine levels and their role in the pathogenesis of SLE, while growth factors have received much less attention. The aim of this study was to analyze growth factor levels in SLE patients and their association with the presence of comorbid CVDs.

Intermittent Fasting and Fasting-mimicking Diet: Promising Strategies in Cancer Management.

In the current review, we aim to elucidate the advancements concerning the roles and fundamental mechanisms of intermittent fasting (IF) and fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) in cancers. As a dietary intervention,IF and FMD potentially impede tumor growth by modulating multiple signaling pathways, such as AKT, Nrf2, and AMPK pathways.Moreover, IF and FMD have been reported to be associated with the tumor immune response by regulating various immune cells including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), T cells, and B cells.

STYK1 mediates NK cell anti-tumor response through regulating CCR2 and trafficking.

The serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase 1 (STYK1) is a receptor protein-tyrosine kinase (RPTK)-like molecule that is detected in several human organs. STYK1 plays an important role in promoting tumorigenesis and metastasis in various cancers. By analyzing the expression of RTKs in immune cells in the database of 2013 Immunological Genome Project, we found that STYK1 was principally expressed in NK cells.

Microglia-astrocyte crosstalk is regulated by Astragalus polysaccharides mediated through suppression of Sema4D-PlexinB2 signaling in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

The crosstalk between microglia inflamed in multiple sclerosis (MIMS) and astrocytes inflamed in MS (AIMS) is a crucial factor in the formation of the central inflammatory microenvironment and neurotoxicity. Astragalus polysaccharides (APS), an important bioactive component extracted from the dried root of Astragalus, was previously found by our team to attenuate the formation of pro-inflammatory microglia and neurological dysfunction in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice, a classic model of MS. To investigate the effect of APS on the MIMS-AIMS crosstalk and its underlying mechanism, in this study, a mouse model of EAE and a co-culture model of microglia-astrocytes in vitro were established.

Real-World Evidence on Prognostic Value of MRD in Multiple Myeloma Using Flow Cytometry.

Minimal residual disease (MRD) is one of the most important prognostic factors in multiple myeloma (MM) and a valid surrogate for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Recently, MRD negativity was approved as an early clinical endpoint for accelerated drug approval in MM. Nevertheless, there is limited evidence of MRD utility in real-world setting.

Inhibition of neutrophil swarming by type I interferon promotes intracellular bacterial evasion.

Listeria monocytogenes (LM) possesses the ability to breach multiple barriers and elicit intricate immune responses. However, there remains a lack of explicit understanding regarding how LM evades innate immune surveillance within the body. Here, we utilized liver intravital imaging to elucidate the dynamic process of LM during infection in the liver.

sB7-H4 is a diagnostic biomarker in epithelial ovarian cancer and correlates to platinum resistance.

Ovarian cancer, with its high mortality rate among gynecological cancers, is often diagnosed late due to the lack of early diagnostic symptoms and biomarkers. The tumor immune microenvironment has become a focal point in cancer diagnostic and therapeutic research. Among these, B7-H4, a checkpoint protein, plays a crucial role in immune regulation and tumor suppression, contributing to immune evasion within the tumor microenvironment.