Toad venom bufadienolides and bufotoxins: An updated review.

Bufadienolides, naturally found in toad venoms having steroid-like structures, reveal antiproliferative effects at low doses. However, their application as anticancer drugs is strongly prevented by their Na /K -ATPase binding activities. Although several kinds of research were dedicated to moderating their Na /K -ATPase binding activity, still deeper fundamental knowledge is required to bring these findings into medical practice.