Fate and Transformation of 6:2 Fluorotelomer Sulfonic Acid Affected by Plant, Nutrient, Bioaugmentation, and Soil Microbiome Interactions.

6:2 Fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA) is a dominant per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-impacted soil. While its biotransformation mechanisms have been studied, the complex effects from plants, nutrients, and soil microbiome interactions on the fate and removal of 6:2 FTSA are poorly understood. This study systematically investigated the potential of phytoremediation for 6:2 FTSA bycoupled with bioaugmentation ofRHA1 (designated as RHA1 hereafter) under different nutrient and microbiome conditions.

SsATG8 and SsNBR1 mediated-autophagy is required for fungal development, proteasomal stress response and virulence in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Autophagy plays vital roles in the interaction between the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and its hosts. However, so far, only little is known about the impacts of autophagy machinery in S. sclerotiorum per se on the fungal morphogenesis and pathogenesis.

Detecting drought regulators using stochastic inference in Bayesian networks.

Drought is a natural hazard that affects crops by inducing water stress. Water stress, induced by drought accounts for more loss in crop yield than all the other causes combined. With the increasing frequency and intensity of droughts worldwide, it is essential to develop drought-resistant crops to ensure food security.

Double-faced role of Bcl-2-associated athanogene 7 in plant-Phytophthora interaction.

Due to their sessile nature, plants must respond to various environmental assaults in a coordinated manner. The endoplasmic reticulum is a central hub for plant responses to various stresses. We previously showed that Phytophthora utilizes effector PsAvh262-mediated binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) accumulation for suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress-triggered cell death.

Identification and Quantification of Small RNAs.

RNA silencing plays a critical role in diverse biological processes in plants including growth, development, and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. RNA silencing is guided by small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) with the length of 21-24 nucleotides (nt) that are loaded into Argonaute (AGO) to repress expression of target loci and transcripts through transcriptional or posttranscriptional gene silencing mechanisms. Identification and quantitative characterization of sRNAs are crucial steps toward appreciation of their functions in biology.

A trimeric CrRLK1L-LLG1 complex genetically modulates SUMM2-mediated autoimmunity.

Cell death is intrinsically linked with immunity. Disruption of an immune-activated MAPK cascade, consisting of MEKK1, MKK1/2, and MPK4, triggers cell death and autoimmunity through the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) protein SUMM2 and the MAPK kinase kinase MEKK2. In this study, we identify a Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like (CrRLK1L), named LETUM2/MEDOS1 (LET2/MDS1), and the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein LLG1 as regulators of mekk1-mkk1/2-mpk4 cell death.

Mutation in cyp51b and overexpression of cyp51a and cyp51b confer multiple resistant to DMIs fungicide prochloraz in Fusarium fujikuroi.

Background: Fusarium fujikuroi is a plant pathogen that causes rice bakanae disease. Prochloraz is an imidazole-class sterol, 14α-demethylase inhibitor (DMI), which has been in use for several years as a foliar spray to control Fusarium spp. on agriculturally important monocot crops.

Elevated Temperatures Impose Transcriptional Constraints and Elicit Intraspecific Differences Between Coffee Genotypes.

The projected impact of global warming on coffee production may require the heat-adapted genotypes in the next decades. To identify cellular strategies in response to warmer temperatures, we compared the effect of elevated temperature on two commercial L. genotypes exploring leaf physiology, transcriptome, and carbohydrate/protein composition.

The malectin-like receptor-like kinase LETUM1 modulates NLR protein SUMM2 activation via MEKK2 scaffolding.

The innate immune system detects pathogen-derived molecules via specialized immune receptors to prevent infections. Plant immune receptors include cell surface-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs, including receptor-like kinases (RLKs)), and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs). It remains enigmatic how RLK- and NLR-mediated signalling are connected.

BIP and the unfolded protein response are important for potyvirus and potexvirus infection.

Plant potexvirus and potyvirus infection can trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress signaling increases the expression of cytoprotective ER-chaperones, especially the BiP chaperones which contribute to pro-survival functions when plants are subjected to infection. The inositol requiring enzyme (IRE1) is one ER stress sensor that is activated to splice the bZIP60 mRNA which produces a truncated transcription factor that activates gene expression in the nucleus.

Degradation of SERRATE via ubiquitin-independent 20S proteasome to survey RNA metabolism.

SERRATE (SE) is a key factor in RNA metabolism. Here, we report that SE binds 20S core proteasome α subunit G1 (PAG1) among other components and is accumulated in their mutants. Purified PAG1-containing 20S proteasome degrades recombinant SE via an ATP- and ubiquitin-independent manner in vitro.

Cytochrome P450s CYP380C6 and CYP380C9 in green peach aphid facilitate its adaptation to indole glucosinolate-mediated plant defense.

Background: Overexpressing CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 in Arabidopsis thaliana (CCA1-ox) increases indole glucosinolate production and resistance to green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). Little is known of how aphids respond to this group of plant defense compounds or of the underlying molecular mechanism.

Results: Aphids reared on CCA1-ox for over 40 generations (namely the CCA population) became less susceptible to CCA1-ox than aphids maintained on the wild-type Col-0 (namely the COL population).

Genome-wide identification and characterization of Solanum tuberosum BiP genes reveal the role of the promoter architecture in BiP gene diversity.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) immunoglobulin binding proteins (BiPs) are molecular chaperones involved in normal protein maturation and refolding malformed proteins through the unfolded protein response (UPR). Plant BiPs belong to a multi-gene family contributing to development, immunity, and responses to environmental stresses. This study identified three BiP homologs in the Solanum tuberosum (potato) genome using phylogenetic, amino acid sequence, 3-D protein modeling, and gene structure analysis.

The ferroxidase LPR5 functions in the maintenance of phosphate homeostasis and is required for normal growth and development of rice.

Members of the Low Phosphate Root (LPR) family have been identified in rice (Oryza sativa) and expression analyses have been conducted. Here, we investigated the functions of one of the five members in rice, LPR5. qRT-PCR and promoter-GUS reporter analyses indicated that under Pi-sufficient conditions OsLPR5 was highly expressed in the roots, and specific expression occurred in the leaf collars and nodes, and its expression was increased under Pi-deficient conditions.

Plant Sense: The Rise of Calcium Channels.

Although calcium (Ca) elevation triggered by abiotic and biotic stimuli has long been a documented phenomenon in plants, the mechanism underlying the control of Ca spikes remains elusive. Recent progress, reported by Tian et al., Wang et al.

Ligand-induced monoubiquitination of BIK1 regulates plant immunity.

Recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) triggers the first line of inducible defence against invading pathogens. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) are convergent regulators that associate with multiple PRRs in plants. The mechanisms that underlie the activation of RLCKs are unclear.

Multiple ER-to-nucleus stress signaling pathways are activated during Plantago asiatica mosaic virus and Turnip mosaic virus infection in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Pathogens and other adverse environmental conditions can trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress signaling increases the expression of cytoprotective ER-chaperones. The inositol-requiring enzyme (IRE1) is one ER stress sensor that is activated to splice the bZIP60 mRNA that produces a truncated transcription factor that activates gene expression in the nucleus.

Aphid growth and reproduction on plants with altered sterol profiles: Novel insights using Arabidopsis mutant and overexpression lines.

Sterols are essential membrane components and are critical for many physiological processes in all eukaryotes. Insects and other arthropods are sterol auxotrophs that typically rely on a dietary source of sterols. Herbivorous insects generally obtain sterols from plants and then metabolize them into cholesterol, the dominant sterol in most insects.

SERKs.

Liu et al. introduce the SERK family of receptor-like kinases.

RNA Interference-Based Screen Reveals Concerted Functions of MEKK2 and CRCK3 in Plant Cell Death Regulation.

A wide variety of intrinsic and extrinsic cues lead to cell death with unclear mechanisms. The infertility of some death mutants often hurdles the classical suppressor screens for death regulators. We have developed a transient RNA interference (RNAi)-based screen using a virus-induced gene silencing approach to understand diverse cell death pathways in Arabidopsis ().

Accumulation and phytotoxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoate in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana.

2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoate (known as GenX) has been used as an alternative to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) which was phased out of formulations for industrial and consumer product applications in 2015. While the effects of GenX on lab animals have been studied, little is known about its effects on plants. This study examined and compared the accumulation and toxicity of GenX and PFOA in the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana.

Lso-HPE1, an Effector of ' Liberibacter solanacearum', Can Repress Plant Immune Response.

' Liberibacter solanacearum' is a plant pathogen affecting the families Solanaceae and Apiaceae in different parts of the world. ' L. solanacearum' is a Gram-negative, fastidious α-proteobacterium that is vectored by different psyllid species.

The Receptor Kinases BAK1/SERK4 Regulate Ca Channel-Mediated Cellular Homeostasis for Cell Death Containment.

Cell death is a vital and ubiquitous process that is tightly controlled in all organisms. However, the mechanisms underlying precise cell death control remain fragmented. As an important shared module in plant growth, development, and immunity, Arabidopsis thaliana BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) and somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 4 (SERK4) redundantly and negatively regulate plant cell death.