Highly specific amyloid and tau PET ligands for ATN classification in suspected Alzheimer's disease patients.

Objective: This study aims to accurately classify ATN profiles using highly specific amyloid and tau PET ligands and MRI in patients with cognitive impairment and suspected Alzheimer's disease (AD). It also aims to explore the relationship between quantified amyloid and tau deposition and cognitive function.

Methods: Twenty-seven patients (15 women and 12 men; age range: 64-81 years) were included in this study.

Optimal placement of high-channel visual prostheses in human retinotopic visual cortex.

Recent strides in neurotechnology show potential to restore vision in individuals afflicted with blindness due to early visual pathway damage. As neuroprostheses mature and become available to a larger population, manual placement and evaluation of electrode designs becomes costly and impractical. An automatic method to optimize the implantation process of electrode arrays at large-scale is currently lacking.

Endovascular Thrombectomy for Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery Occlusions With Large Ischemic Strokes: Insights From the SELECT2 Trial.

Background And Objectives: Although previous trials have established the efficacy and safety of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in large ischemic core strokes, most of them excluded patients with extracranial internal carotid artery (e-ICA) occlusion. We aimed to compare outcomes in patients with e-ICA occlusion and large ischemic core infarcts treated with EVT vs medical management (MM).

Methods: This was a secondary analysis of the SELECT2 trial, a randomized controlled trial conducted at 31 international sites.

Sleep-wake modulation and pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease: Suggestions for postponement and treatment.

Sleep-wake disorders are recognized as one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer disease (AD). Accumulating evidence has highlighted a significant association between sleep-wake disorders and AD pathogenesis, suggesting that sleep-wake modulation could be a promising approach for postponing AD onset. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the pineal hormone melatonin are major central modulating components of the circadian rhythm system.

On the pursuit of reproducibility: the importance of large sample sizes in psychoimmunology.

Peripheral inflammatory markers (PIMs), such as C-reactive protein (CRP) or white blood cell count (WBC), have been associated with depression severity in meta-analyses and large cohort studies. However, in typically-sized psychoimmunology studies (N < 200) that explore associations between PIMs and neurobiological/psychosocial constructs related to depression and studies that examine less-studied PIMs (e.g.

Dynamic cycles between brain states during creative storytelling.

Many theories suggest that creative thinking involves a dynamic transition between different mental states, yet empirical evidence supporting this notion remains scarce. The dual process model proposes that spontaneous thinking and deliberate thinking drive the dwell in and the transitions between different mental states during creative thinking, but there is a debate over whether the two types of thinking operate in parallel or in sequence. To address these gaps, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in 41 college students during a creative storytelling task.

A 2D cell segmentation protocol for monitoring multiple STAT signaling pathways by fluorescence microscopy.

Microscopic cell segmentation typically requires complex imaging, staining, and computational steps to achieve acceptable consistency. Here, we describe a protocol for the high-fidelity segmentation of the nucleus and cytoplasm in cell culture and apply it to monitor interferon-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling. We provide guidelines for sample preparation, image acquisition, and segmentation.

A Study on Potential Sources of Perineuronal Net-Associated Sema3A in Cerebellar Nuclei Reveals Toxicity of Non-Invasive AAV-Mediated Cre Expression in the Central Nervous System.

Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is an axon guidance molecule, which is also abundant in the adult central nervous system (CNS), particularly in perineuronal nets (PNNs). PNNs are extracellular matrix structures that restrict plasticity. The cellular sources of Sema3A in PNNs are unknown.

Deficiency of the palmitoyl acyltransferase ZDHHC7 modulates depression-like behaviour in female mice after a mild chronic stress paradigm.

Chronic stress (CS) is a debilitating condition that negatively affects body and brain. In mice, CS effects range from changes in behaviour and brain microstructure down to the level of gene expression. These effects are partly mediated by sex and sex steroid hormones, which in turn are affected by the palmitoyl acyltransferase ZDHHC7.

Regulatory B-Cells Are Associated Negatively With Regulatory T-Cells and Positively With Cytokines in Peripheral Blood of Pregnant Women.

Problem: Regulatory B-cells (Bregs, CD19CD24CD38) are a specialized B-cell subset that suppresses immune responses and potentially contribute to the maintenance of an immune-privileged environment for fetal development during pregnancy. However, little is known about the surrounding immunological environment of Bregs in gestational physiology. The relationship of regulatory T-cells (Tregs, CD4CD25CD127FoxP3) to Bregs in coordinating immunoregulation during pregnancy is unknown.

Exploring Machine Learning Classification of Movement Phases in Hemiparetic Stroke Patients: A Controlled EEG-tDCS Study.

Background/objectives: Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) can boost motor recovery after a stroke. Certain movement phases are more responsive to NIBS, so a system that auto-detects these phases would optimize stimulation timing. This study assessed the effectiveness of various machine learning models in identifying movement phases in hemiparetic individuals undergoing simultaneous NIBS and EEG recordings.

Short-term pitch memory predicts both incidentally and intentionally acquired absolute pitch categories.

Tonal short-term memory has been positively associated with both incidentally acquired absolute pitch memory (e.g., for popular songs) and explicitly learned absolute pitch (AP) categories; however, the relationship between these constructs has not been directly tested within the same individuals.

Effect of antipsychotics on the focal adhesion pathway.

Unlabelled: Focal adhesions and their dynamic nature are essential for various physiological processes, including the formation of neurites, synaptic function and plasticity. Alterations in these processes have been associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Objectives: This study aimed to explore the impact of pharmacological treatments used for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia on the expression of genes involved in the focal adhesion pathway, addressing a gap in understanding the interaction between medication effects and disease pathophysiology.

Neural processing of naturalistic audiovisual events in space and time.

Our brain seamlessly integrates distinct sensory information to form a coherent percept. However, when real-world audiovisual events are perceived, the specific brain regions and timings for processing different levels of information remain less investigated. To address that, we curated naturalistic videos and recorded functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) data when participants viewed videos with accompanying sounds.

Genomics yields biological and phenotypic insights into bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder is a leading contributor to the global burden of disease. Despite high heritability (60-80%), the majority of the underlying genetic determinants remain unknown. We analysed data from participants of European, East Asian, African American and Latino ancestries (n = 158,036 cases with bipolar disorder, 2.

The microglial response to inhibition of Colony-stimulating-factor-1 receptor by PLX3397 differs by sex in adult mice.

Microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain, are derived from the yolk sac and colonize the brain before the blood-brain barrier forms. Once established, they expand locally and require Colony-stimulating-factor-1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling for their development and maintenance. CSF1R inhibitors have been used extensively to deplete microglia in the healthy and diseased brain.

Acute aerobic exercise enhances associative learning in regular exercisers but not in non-regular exercisers.

Introduction: Physical exercise has repeatedly been reported to have advantageous effects on brain functions, including learning and memory formation. However, objective tools to measure such effects are often lacking. Eyeblink conditioning is a well-characterized method for studying the neural basis of associative learning.

Autism Spectrum Disorder Across the Lifespan.

Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects individuals worldwide throughout their lives. Copious advances in research have enhanced our understanding of autism significantly since Dr. Leo Kanner's first description of the condition in 1943.

Aberrant FGF signaling promotes granule neuron precursor expansion in SHH subgroup infantile medulloblastoma.

Mutations in Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway genes, for example, (SUFU), drive granule neuron precursors (GNP) to form medulloblastomas (MB). However, how different molecular lesions in the Shh pathway drive transformation is frequently unclear, and mutations in the cerebellum seem distinct. In this study, we show that fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) signaling is integral for many infantile MB cases and that expression is uniquely upregulated in infantile MB tumors.

Iconography of abnormal non-neuronal cells in pediatric focal cortical dysplasia type IIb and tuberous sclerosis complex.

Once believed to be the culprits of epileptogenic activity, the functional properties of balloon/giant cells (BC/GC), commonly found in some malformations of cortical development including focal cortical dysplasia type IIb (FCDIIb) and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), are beginning to be unraveled. These abnormal cells emerge during early brain development as a result of a hyperactive mTOR pathway and may express both neuronal and glial markers. A paradigm shift occurred when our group demonstrated that BC/GC in pediatric cases of FCDIIb and TSC are unable to generate action potentials and lack synaptic inputs.

Advances in physiological and clinical relevance of hiPSC-derived brain models for precision medicine pipelines.

Precision, or personalized, medicine aims to stratify patients based on variable pathogenic signatures to optimize the effectiveness of disease prevention and treatment. This approach is favorable in the context of brain disorders, which are often heterogeneous in their pathophysiological features, patterns of disease progression and treatment response, resulting in limited therapeutic standard-of-care. Here we highlight the transformative role that human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neural models are poised to play in advancing precision medicine for brain disorders, particularly emerging innovations that improve the relevance of hiPSC models to human physiology.