"It Depends on What You Mean by 'Disagree'": Differences between Parent and Child Perceptions of Parent-Child Conflict.

We examined a new structured interview of parent-child conflict that assesses parent and child perceptions of behavioral conflict about daily life topics (e.g., doing chores, homework), and whether discrepancies exist on beliefs about these topics.

Patterns of Violence Exposure and Sexual Risk in Low-Income, Urban African American Girls.

Objective: This study examined the relationship between violence exposure and sexual risk-taking among low-income, urban African American (AA) adolescent girls, considering overlap among different types and characteristics of violence.

Methods: AA adolescent girls were originally recruited from outpatient mental health clinics serving urban, mostly low-SES communities in Chicago, IL as part of a two-year longitudinal investigation of HIV-risk behavior. A subsequent follow-up was completed to assess lifetime history of trauma and violence exposure.

Risperidone and divalproex differentially engage the fronto-striato-temporal circuitry in pediatric mania: a pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

Objective: The current study examined the impact of risperidone and divalproex on affective and working memory circuitry in patients with pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD).

Method: This was a six-week, double-blind, randomized trial of risperidone plus placebo versus divalproex plus placebo for patients with mania (n = 21; 13.6 ± 2.

Treatment and outcomes for anxiety disorders among children and adolescents: a review of coping strategies and parental behaviors.

This article reviews the current literature on the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents and describes the factors that are essential to address in treatment. Coping deficits and parental behaviors are highlighted as factors that contribute to anxiety in youth. Interventions for anxious youth are described, with particular emphasis on cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders.

Dose effects and comparative effectiveness of extended release dexmethylphenidate and mixed amphetamine salts.

Objective: To compare the dose effects of long-acting extended-release dexmethylphenidate (ER d-MPH) and ER mixed amphetamine salts (ER MAS) on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom dimensions, global and specific impairments, and common adverse events associated with stimulants.

Methods: Fifty-six children and adolescents with ADHD participated in an 8-week, double-blind, crossover study comparing ER d-MPH (10, 20, 25-30 mg) and ER MAS (10, 20, 25-30) with a week of randomized placebo within each drug period. Efficacy was assessed with the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS-IV), whereas global and specific domains of impairment were assessed with the Clinical Global Impressions Severity and Improvement Scales and the parent-completed Weiss Functional Impairment Scale, respectively.

Pharmacotherapy impacts functional connectivity among affective circuits during response inhibition in pediatric mania.

Objective: The aim of the current study was to determine the influence of implicated affective circuitry disturbance in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) on behavioral inhibition. The differential influence of an antipsychotic and an anti-epileptic medication on the functional connectivity across affective and cognitive neural operations in PBD was examined.

Methods: This was a six-week double blind randomized fMRI trial of risperidone plus placebo vs.

A mental health needs assessment of urban American Indian youth and families.

American Indian (AI) youth experience significant mental health disparities. The majority of AI youth live in urban areas, yet urban AI youth are underserved and unstudied. This manuscript describes a qualitative study of community mental health needs in an urban population of AI youth, conducted as part of the planning process for a system of care (SOC).

Brain functional domains inform therapeutic interventions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and pediatric bipolar disorder.

A deeper understanding of how the relationships between impulsivity, reward systems and executive function deficits may be similar or different in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) is fundamental for better defining phenotypy in these two developmental illnesses, and moving towards improved treatment and intervention. We focus our article on recent neurocognitive and neuroimaging data examining the behavioral and neural aspects of poor behavior regulation, response inhibition and reward systems in ADHD and PBD. In light of recent research evidence, we propose that the common behavioral manifestations of impulsivity in ADHD and PBD may indeed originate from different neural mechanisms mediated by altered reward systems.

Double-blind randomized trial of risperidone versus divalproex in pediatric bipolar disorder: fMRI outcomes.

The aim of this research was to determine the relative effects of risperidone and divalproex on brain function in pediatric mania. This is a double-blind 6-week functional magnetic resonance imaging trial with 24 unmedicated manic patients randomized to risperidone or divalproex, and 14 healthy controls (HCs) matched for IQ and demographic factors (mean age: 13.1±3.

Fronto-limbic dysfunction in mania pre-treatment and persistent amygdala over-activity post-treatment in pediatric bipolar disorder.

Rationale: Neural deficits at the interface of affect and cognition may improve with pharmacotherapy in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD).

Objectives: We examined lamotrigine treatment impact on the neural interface of working memory and affect in PBD.

Methods: Un-medicated, acutely ill, patients with mania and hypomania (n = 17), and healthy controls (HC; n = 13; mean age = 13.

Assessment and treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.

This article reviews the current screening and assessment tools for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, as well as evidence-based treatment interventions for these disorders. The following anxiety disorders are discussed: separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobia, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder (social phobia), and selective mutism. There are several well-studied screening and assessment tools to identify childhood anxiety disorders early and differentiate the various anxiety disorders.

A pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging study probing the interface of cognitive and emotional brain systems in pediatric bipolar disorder.

Objective: This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the effects of pharmacotherapy on brain function underlying affect dysregulation and cognitive function in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD).

Method: Healthy controls (HC) (n=14; mean age =14.1 ± 2.

Effects of early intervention on the course of bipolar disorder: theories and realities.

Given the severity and early onset of pediatric bipolar disorder, early intervention is important to bring about recovery and alter the course of the illness. There is a new and burgeoning body of literature on the biological basis of early signs of the illness and the mechanistic understanding of treatment interventions. Biological findings based on multimodal imaging, genomic studies of cellular proteins, and performance-based findings of neurocognitive studies are beginning to assemble a cohesive and interlinked model of systems neuroscience.

Double-blind randomized trial of risperidone versus divalproex in pediatric bipolar disorder.

Objective: To determine the relative effects of risperidone and divalproex in pediatric mania.

Methods: This is a double-blind, randomized, outpatient clinical trial with 66 children and adolescents (mean age= 10.9 ± 3.

Emotion processing influences working memory circuits in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Objective: This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study examined how working memory circuits are affected by face emotion processing in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods: A total of 23 patients with PBD, 14 patients with ADHD, and 19 healthy control (HC) subjects (mean age, 13.36 ± 2.

Enhanced prefrontal function with pharmacotherapy on a response inhibition task in adolescent bipolar disorder.

Objective: The aim of the current study is to determine whether pharmacotherapy normalizes cognitive circuitry function supporting voluntary behavioral inhibition in adolescent bipolar disorder.

Method: Healthy controls and unmedicated patients with DSM-IV adolescent bipolar disorder in manic, mixed, or hypomanic episodes were matched on demographics and IQ (n = 13 per group; mean age = 14.4 ± 2.

Toward the integration of education and mental health in schools.

Education and mental health integration will be advanced when the goal of mental health includes effective schooling and the goal of effective schools includes the healthy functioning of students. To build a solid foundation for this reciprocal agenda, especially within the zeitgeist of recent educational reforms, a change in the fundamental framework within which school mental health is conceptualized is needed. This change involves acknowledging a new set of priorities, which include: the use of naturalistic resources within schools to implement and sustain effective supports for students' learning and emotional/behavioral health; inclusion of integrated models to enhance learning and promote health; attention to improving outcomes for all students, including those with serious emotional/behavioral needs; and strengthening the active involvement of parents.

Internet use and sexual health of young men who have sex with men: a mixed-methods study.

Young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) experience sexual health disparities due to a lack of support in settings that traditionally promote positive youth development. The Internet may help to fill this void, but little is known about how it is used for sexual health purposes among young MSM. This mixed-methods study reports quantitative results of a large survey of 18- to 24-year-old MSM in an HIV testing clinic (N = 329) as well as qualitative results from interviews.

Exploring factors that underlie racial/ethnic disparities in HIV risk among young men who have sex with men.

Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) are among the highest risk groups for HIV, and the risk distribution varies by race/ethnicity. Prevalence rates are consistently higher for minority YMSM. Factors underlying these disparities are poorly understood.

Neural correlates of incidental and directed facial emotion processing in adolescents and adults.

Our knowledge on the development of the affective and cognitive circuitries that underlie affect regulation is still limited. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study examined whether there is more efficient prefrontal modulation of affective circuits with development. Ten adolescents (mean age 14 +/- 2 years) and 10 adults (mean age 30 +/- 6 years) underwent two scanning conditions that required different levels of cognitive control over face emotion processing.

A pharmacogenetic study of escitalopram in autism spectrum disorders.

Objective: To determine the effect of serotonin transporter polymorphism promoter region (5-HTTPLR) genotypic variation (low, intermediate, and high expression groups) on response to escitalopram treatment of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).

Method: The study used a forced titration, open label design, with genotype blind until study completion. Participants were children and adolescents aged 4-17 years of age with a confirmed ASD (autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, or pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified).

Pediatric bipolar disorder.

Pediatric bipolar disorder differs from the adult form of the disorder, marked by longer episodes, rapid cycling, prominent irritability, and high rates of comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety disorders. A careful assessment by families of children's symptoms, including their duration and intensity, helps with accurate diagnosis. After the diagnosis is made and careful psychopharmacological intervention is initiated, psychiatric nursing treatment of children and adolescents with pediatric bipolar disorder should involve child-and family-focused cognitive-behavioral therapies, family support, and psychoeducation.