Oral selective estrogen receptor degraders for breast cancer treatment: focus on pharmacological differences.

Purpose: The management of hormone receptor-positive (HR +) breast cancer (BC) relies on endocrine therapy (ET), with a primary focus on disrupting estrogen receptor (ER) signaling due to its critical role in BC tumorigenesis and progression. While effective for both early-stage and advanced breast cancers, ET frequently encounters resistance mechanisms, including both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent trajectories, ultimately leading to disease progression.

Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus databases to review the current evidence on the use of novel oral selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs) for the treatment of HR+ BC.

Shifting from axillary dissection to targeted axillary surgery after neoadjuvant treatment: the evolving management of occult breast cancer in a monoinstitutional series of 114 patients.

Purpose: The use of neoadjuvant systemic therapy for primary breast cancer can achieve tumor shrinkage, enabling less invasive surgical treatments, such as breast-conserving surgery instead of mastectomy, and sentinel node biopsy instead of axillary dissection. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have explored the use of primary systemic therapy for occult breast cancer with axillary presentation. These studies suggest that a more conservative approach, involving targeted axillary surgery could be cautiously proposed for occult breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in selected patients.

Innovative Approaches in Regulatory Affairs: Leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Efficient Compliance and Decision-Making.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and AI-driven technologies are transforming industries across the board, with the pharmaceutical sector emerging as a frontrunner beneficiary. This article explores the growing impact of AI and Machine Learning (ML) within pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs, particularly in dossier preparation, compilation, documentation, submission, review, and regulatory compliance. By automating time-intensive tasks, these technologies streamline workflows, accelerate result generation, and shorten the product approval timeline.

Strategy of employing plug-and-play vectors and LC-MS screening to facilitate the discovery of natural products using Aspergillus oryzae.

Aspergillus oryzae is a widely used host for heterologous expression of fungal natural products. However, the vectors previously developed are not convenient for use and screening positive transformants by PCR and fermentation is time- and effort-consuming. Hence, three plug-and-play vectors were developed here for multi-gene expression and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry detection was introduced to screen positive transformants.

Revolutionizing surgery: AI and robotics for precision, risk reduction, and innovation.

Artificial intelligence and robotics are revolutionizing surgical practices by enhancing precision, efficiency, and patient outcomes. With global healthcare systems increasingly adopting AI-driven technologies, the integration of robotics in surgery addresses critical challenges such as surgical accuracy, minimally invasive techniques, and healthcare accessibility. However, disparities in access and ethical concerns regarding automation persist globally, necessitating a balanced discourse on these advancements.

Li+ Quasi-Grotthuss Topochemistry Transport Enables Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes.

Direct regeneration of spent lithium-ion batteries offers economic benefits and a reduced CO2 footprint. Surface prelithiation, particularly through the molten salt method, is critical in enhancing spent cathode repair during high-temperature annealing. However, the sluggish Li+ transport kinetics, which relies on thermally driven processes in the traditional molten salt methods, limit the prelithiation efficiency and regeneration of spent cathodes.

Cost analysis of laparoscopic total versus open total gastrectomy in gastric cancer.

Purpose: Despite ongoing discussions concerning clinical equivalence of laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG) compared to open total gastrectomy (OTG) in gastric cancer (GC) surgery, complementary evidence regarding financial implications is sparse. The aim of this study was to compare hospital associated expenses and perioperative outcomes between both approaches.

Methods: Clinicopathological and financial data from 80 consecutive GC patients undergoing LTG or OTG between 2015 and 2022 were investigated.

Real-time continuous glucose monitoring improves postoperative glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: A randomized clinical trial.

Background: Effective glycaemic control following cardiac surgery improves clinical outcomes, and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) might be a valuable tool in achieving this objective. We investigated the effect of real-time CGM and telemonitoring on postoperative glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

Methods: In this randomized clinical trial (RCT), adults with T2D undergoing CABG were assigned to either a test group utilizing real-time CGM (Dexcom G6) and telemetry for glycaemic control, or a control group with blinded CGM measures, relying on point-of-care measures.

Can Large Language Models Aid Caregivers of Pediatric Cancer Patients in Information Seeking? A Cross-Sectional Investigation.

Purpose: Caregivers in pediatric oncology need accurate and understandable information about their child's condition, treatment, and side effects. This study assesses the performance of publicly accessible large language model (LLM)-supported tools in providing valuable and reliable information to caregivers of children with cancer.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the performance of the four LLM-supported tools-ChatGPT (GPT-4), Google Bard (Gemini Pro), Microsoft Bing Chat, and Google SGE-against a set of frequently asked questions (FAQs) derived from the Children's Oncology Group Family Handbook and expert input (In total, 26 FAQs and 104 generated responses).

Impact of Magneto-Mechanical Actuation on Cell Differentiation: A Study Using Wireless, 3D-Printed Device and a Porous Ferrogel.

Cells perceive external and internally generated forces of different kinds, significantly impacting their cellular biology. In the relatively nascent field of mechanobiology, the impact of such forces is studied and further utilized to broaden the knowledge of cellular developmental pathways, disease progression, tissue engineering, and developing novel regenerative strategies. However, extensive considerations of mechanotransduction pathways for biomedical applications are still broadly limited due to a lack of affordable technologies in terms of devices and simple magnetic actuatable materials.

Tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses is mediated by interacting CNGC proteins that regulate Ca influx and stomatal movement in rice.

Members of the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNGC) proteins are reportedly involved in a variety of biotic and abiotic responses and stomatal movement. However, it is unknown if and how a single member could regulate multiple responses. Here we characterized three closely related CNGC genes in rice, OsCNGC14, OsCNGC15 and OsCNGC16, to determine whether they function in multiple abiotic stresses.

The evaluation of targeted exome sequencing of candidate genes in a Han Chinese population with primary open-angle glaucoma.

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), known as a common ocular disease with genetic heterogeneity, is characterized by progressive optic disc atrophy and visual field defects. This study aimed to assess the contribution of previously reported POAG-associated genes and investigate potential functional variations and genotype-phenotype correlations in a Han Chinese population. DNA from 500 cases and 500 controls was pooled and sequenced using a customized panel of 398 candidate genes.

High dose inactivated influenza vaccine inconsistently improves heterologous antibody responses in an elderly human cohort.

Background: Older adults often mount a weak immune response to standard inactivated influenza vaccines. To induce a stronger response and better protection, a high-dose (HD) version of the inactivated Fluzone vaccine is recommended for individuals >65 years of age. While better immunogenicity and protection against the vaccine strain has been shown, it is not known if the HD vaccine also induces a robust antibody response to heterologous strains.

Study of Demographic Characteristics, Management Details and Early Life Outcomes of Indigenous Infants With Chronic Neonatal Lung Disease in North Queensland.

Objective: To study the demographic characteristics, risk factors, management details and clinical outcomes to 12 months corrected age in indigenous and non-indigenous infants with chronic neonatal lung disease in North Queensland.

Design: Retrospective cohort study of infants with chronic neonatal lung disease admitted to a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit in regional Queensland from January 2015 to December 2019.

Results: There were 139 infants with chronic neonatal lung disease and 425 controls.

Highly Fluorescent Bio-Synthesized Carbon Quantum Dots for Latent Fingerprint Detection.

This study introduces an innovative approach to high-resolution latent fingerprint detection using carbon quantum dots (CQDs) biosynthesized from spent coffee grounds, enhanced with nitrogen doping. Conventional fingerprinting methods frequently use hazardous chemicals and are costly, highlighting the need for eco-friendly, affordable alternatives that preserve detection quality. The biosynthesized nitrogen-doped CQDs exhibit strong photoluminescence and high stability, offering a sustainable, effective alternative for fingerprint imaging.

Advancements in diagnosing Post-concussion Syndrome: insights into epidemiology, pathophysiology, neuropathology, neuroimaging, and salivary biomarkers.

Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS) represents a complex constellation of symptoms that persist following a concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), with significant implications for patient care and outcomes. Despite its prevalence, diagnosing PCS presents considerable challenges due to the subjective nature of symptoms, the absence of specific diagnostic tests, and the overlap with other neurological and psychiatric conditions. This review explores the multifaceted diagnostic challenges associated with PCS, including the heterogeneity of symptom presentation, the limitations of current neuroimaging techniques, and the overlap of PCS symptoms with other disorders.

Role of Non-coding RNAs in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Supervision Mechanism of Chinese Medicine.

The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has sharply increased in recent years, posing a serious threat to human health. RA is characterized as a chronic, multisystem disease with morning stiffness and symmetric small joint pain. However, its fundamental processes are poorly understood.

Antimicrobial Peptides Against Arboviruses: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Directions.

This review delves into the potential of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as promising candidates for combating arboviruses, focusing on their mechanisms of antiviral activity, challenges, and future directions. AMPs have shown promise in preventing arbovirus attachment to host cells, inducing interferon production, and targeting multiple viral stages, illustrating their multifaceted impact on arbovirus infections. Structural elucidation of AMP-viral complexes is explored to deepen the understanding of molecular determinants governing viral neutralization, paving the way for structure-guided design.

Enhancing CO2 Electroreduction to Multicarbon Products by Modulating the Surface Microenvironment of Electrode with Polyethylene Glycol.

Modulating the surface microenvironment of electrodes stands as a pivotal aspect in enhancing the electrocatalytic performance for CO2 electroreduction. Herein, we propose an innovative approach by incorporating a small amount of linear oligomer, polyethylene glycol (PEG), into Cu2O catalysts during the preparation of the CuPEG electrode. The Faradaic efficiency (FE) toward multicarbon products (C2+) increases from 69.

Manganese Galvanic Cells Intervene in Tumor Metabolism to Reinforce cGAS-STING Activation for Bidirectional Synergistic Hydrogen-Immunotherapy.

The cGAS-STING pathway is pivotal in initiating antitumor immunity. However, tumor metabolism, particularly glycolysis, negatively regulates the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway. Herein, Mn galvanic cells (MnG) are prepared via liquid-phase exfoliation and in situ galvanic replacement to modulate tumor metabolism, thereby enhancing cGAS-STING activation for bidirectional synergistic H-immunotherapy.

Evolutionary Analysis of Hypoderma Pantholopsum in Tibetan Antelopes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Purpose: Hypoderma pantholopsum is a parasite that parasitizes Tibetan antelopes (Pantholops hodgsonii). This study aims was to reveal the genetic diversity within H. pantholopsum and contribute to the protection of Tibetan antelope.

Can mindfulness have long-term impact on patients with fibromyalgia? A two-year prospective follow-up study of a mindfulness-based intervention.

To examine changes in symptoms and health status in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) 24 months after participating in the mindfulness-based group-program, the Vitality Training (VTP), followed by physical exercise counselling. Seventy-six participants, mean age (range) 43 (26-52), females 69 (91%), diagnosed with FM according to the ACR 2011-criteria received the VTP in a previous randomised controlled trial. Control group participants could receive the VTP after a 12-month observation period, therefore only data from the intervention group were analysed in the present study.

Characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma with CT with deep learning reconstruction compared with iterative reconstruction and 3-Tesla MRI.

Objectives: This study compared the characteristics of lesions suspicious for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and their LI-RADS classifications in adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) and deep learning reconstruction (DLR) to those of MR images, along with radiologist confidence.

Materials And Methods: This prospective single-center trial included patients who underwent four-phase liver CT and multiphasic contrast-enhanced MRI within 7 days from February to August 2023. The lesion characteristics, LI-RADS classifications and confidence scores according to two radiologists on the ASIR, DLR and MRI techniques were compared.

AI as an intervention: improving clinical outcomes relies on a causal approach to AI development and validation.

The primary practice of healthcare artificial intelligence (AI) starts with model development, often using state-of-the-art AI, retrospectively evaluated using metrics lifted from the AI literature like AUROC and DICE score. However, good performance on these metrics may not translate to improved clinical outcomes. Instead, we argue for a better development pipeline constructed by working backward from the end goal of positively impacting clinically relevant outcomes using AI, leading to considerations of causality in model development and validation, and subsequently a better development pipeline.

Knowledge graph-based thought: a knowledge graph-enhanced LLM framework for pan-cancer question answering.

Background: In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in various domains, notably in biomedical sciences. However, their real-world application is often limited by issues like erroneous outputs and hallucinatory responses.

Results: We developed the knowledge graph-based thought (KGT) framework, an innovative solution that integrates LLMs with knowledge graphs (KGs) to improve their initial responses by utilizing verifiable information from KGs, thus significantly reducing factual errors in reasoning.