Effects of leg immobilization and recovery resistance training on skeletal muscle-molecular markers in previously resistance trained versus untrained adults.

We sought to examine how resistance training (RT) status in young healthy individuals, either well resistance trained (T, n=10) or untrained (UT, n=11), affected molecular markers with leg immobilization followed by recovery RT. All participants underwent two weeks of left leg immobilization via a locking leg brace. Afterwards, all participants underwent eight weeks (3 d/week) of knee extensor focused progressive RT.

Exercise intensity and training alter the innate immune cell type and chromosomal origins of circulating cell-free DNA in humans.

Exercising regularly promotes health, but these benefits are complicated by acute inflammation induced by exercise. A potential source of inflammation is cell-free DNA (cfDNA), yet the cellular origins, molecular causes, and immune system interactions of exercise-induced cfDNA are unclear. To study these, 10 healthy individuals were randomized to a 12-wk exercise program of either high-intensity tactical training (HITT) or traditional moderate-intensity training (TRAD).

Carbohydrate Ingestion Eliminates Hypoglycemia & Improves Endurance Exercise Performance in Triathletes Adapted to Very Low & High Carbohydrate Isocaloric Diets.

Very-low-carbohydrate diets (LCHF; <50g/day) have been debated for their potential to lower pre-exercise muscle and liver glycogen stores and metabolic efficiency, risking premature fatigue. It is also hypothesized that carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise delays fatigue by increasing carbohydrate oxidation, thereby sparing muscle glycogen. Leveraging a randomized crossover design, we evaluated performance during strenuous time-to-exhaustion (70%⩒O) tests in trained triathletes following 6-week high-carbohydrate (HCLF, 380g/day) or very-low-carbohydrate (LCHF, 40g/day) diets to determine (i) if adoption of the LCHF diet impairs time-to-exhaustion performance, (ii) whether carbohydrate ingestion (10g/hour) 6-12x lower than current CHO fuelling recommendations during low glycogen availability (>15-hour pre-exercise overnight fast and/or LCHF diet) improves time-to-exhaustion by preventing exercise-induced hypoglycemia (EIH; <3.

The impact of risk compensation adaptive behavior on the final epidemic size.

Public health interventions reduce infection risk, while imposing significant costs on both individuals and the society. Interventions can also lead to behavioral changes, as individuals weigh the cost and benefits of avoiding infection. Aggregate epidemiological models typically focus on the population-level consequences of interventions, often not incorporating the mechanisms driving behavioral adaptations associated with interventions compliance.

Muscle-restricted knockout of connexin 43 and connexin 45 accelerates and improves locomotor recovery after contusion spinal cord injury.

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in the disruption of physiological systems below the level of the spinal lesion. Connexin hemichannels (CxHCs) are membrane-bound, non-selective pore proteins that are lost in mature myofibers but reappear on the sarcolemma after peripheral denervation, chronic SCI, diabetes, and severe systemic stress such as sepsis. Cx43 and Cx45 have been implicated as the major CxHCs present in diseased muscle, and muscle-restricted knockout of these genes reduces muscle atrophy after denervation, likely by reducing excess calcium influx with resultant inflammasome activation.

Postexercise Dietary Leucine Retention for Whole-Body Anabolism Is Greater With Whey Protein Isolate and Fish-Derived Protein Hydrolysate Than Nonessential Amino Acids in Trained Young Men.

Marine-derived proteins, such as blue whiting-derived protein hydrolysates (BWPH), represent high-quality sources of dietary protein, but their ability to support postexercise anabolism is not established. The impact of BWPH on whole-body anabolism was compared with an isonitrogenous whey protein isolate (WPI) and nonessential amino acid (NEAA) control in 10 trained young males (31 ± 4 years) who, on three separate visits, performed a session of whole-body resistance exercise and then consumed, in randomized crossover fashion, BWPH, WPI, or NEAA (0.33 g/kg; 19, 33, and 0 mg/kg leucine, respectively) with L-[1-13C]leucine.

Pharmacology of boldine: summary of the field and update on recent advances.

Over the past decade, boldine, a naturally occurring alkaloid found in several plant species including the Chilean Boldo tree, has garnered attention for its efficacy in rodent models of human disease. Some of the properties that have been attributed to boldine include antioxidant activities, neuroprotective and analgesic actions, hepatoprotective effects, anti-inflammatory actions, cardioprotective effects and anticancer potential. Compelling data now indicates that boldine blocks connexin (Cx) hemichannels (HCs) and that many if not all of its effects in rodent models of injury and disease are due to CxHC blockade.

Neuroregeneration Improved by Sodium-D,L-Beta-Hydroxybutyrate in Primary Neuronal Cultures.

Ketone bodies are considered alternative fuels for the brain when glucose availability is limited. To determine the neuroregenerative potential of D,L-sodium-beta-hydroxybutyrate (D/L-BHB), Sprague Dawley rat primary cortical neurons were exposed to simulated central nervous system injury using a scratch assay. The neuronal cell migration, cell density and degree of regeneration in the damaged areas (gaps) in the absence (control) and presence of BHB (2 mM) were documented with automated live-cell imaging by the CytoSMART system over 24 h, which was followed by immunocytochemistry, labeling synapsin-I and β3-tubulin.

Putative Role of Adenosine A1 Receptors in Exogenous Ketone Supplements-Evoked Anti-Epileptic Effect.

Approximately 30% of patients with epilepsy are drug-refractory. There is an urgent need to elucidate the exact pathophysiology of different types of epilepsies and the mechanisms of action of both antiseizure medication and metabolic therapies to treat patients more effectively and safely. For example, it has been demonstrated that exogenous ketone supplement (EKS)-generated therapeutic ketosis, as a metabolic therapy, may decrease epileptic activity in both animal models and humans, but its exact mechanism of action is unknown.

Effect of ketone monoester supplementation on elite operators' mountaineering training.

Introduction: Special Operations Forces (SOF) often conduct operations in physiologically stressful environments such as severe heat, cold, or hypoxia, which can induce decreases in a variety of cognitive abilities. Given the promising empirical demonstration of the efficacy of exogenous ketone monoester (KME) supplementation in attenuating cognitive performance decrease during hypoxia at rest in a laboratory setting, we conducted a real-world, field experiment examining KME's efficacy during high-altitude mountaineering, an austere environment in which US SOF have conducted increasing numbers of operations over the past two decades.

Methods: Specifically, 34 students and cadre at the US Army 10th Special Forces Group Special Operations Advanced Mountaineering School (SOAMS) participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo (PLA)-controlled crossover trial (KME vs.

Double-Sided Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Materials under Human-Centric Extreme Environments.

Maintaining the adhesion strength of flexible pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) is crucial for advanced applications, such as health monitoring. Sustainable mounting is critical for wearable sensor devices, especially under challenging surroundings such as low and high temperatures (e.g.

Ketone monoester attenuates declines in cognitive performance and oxygen saturation during acute severe hypoxic exposure under resting conditions.

Exogenous ketone supplements are a potential augmentation strategy for cognitive resilience during acute hypoxic exposure due to their capacity to attenuate the decline in oxygen (O) availability, and by providing an alternative substrate for cerebral metabolism. Utilizing a single-blind randomized crossover design, 16 male military personnel (age, 25.3 ± 2.

Ketone monoester attenuates oxygen desaturation during weighted ruck exercise under acute hypoxic exposure but does not impact cognitive performance.

Acute ingestion of exogenous ketone supplements in the form of a (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (R-BD R-βHB) ketone monoester (KME) can attenuate declines in oxygen availability during hypoxic exposure and might impact cognitive performance at rest and in response to moderate-intensity exercise. In a single-blind randomized crossover design, 16 males performed assessments of cognitive performance before and during hypoxic exposure with moderate exercise [2 × 20 min weighted ruck (∼22 kg) at 3.2 km/h at 10% incline] in a normobaric altitude chamber (4572 m, 11.

Mitigating Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review of Supplementation and Dietary Protocols.

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) constitute a significant public health issue and a major source of disability and death in the United States and worldwide. TBIs are strongly associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, resulting in a host of negative health outcomes and long-term complications and placing a heavy financial burden on healthcare systems. One promising avenue for the prevention and treatment of brain injuries is the design of TBI-specific supplementation and dietary protocols centred around nutraceuticals and biochemical compounds whose mechanisms of action have been shown to interfere with, and potentially alleviate, some of the neurophysiological processes triggered by TBI.

Transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation enhances second-language vocabulary acquisition while simultaneously mitigating fatigue and promoting focus.

Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) is a promising technique for enhancing cognitive performance and skill acquisition. Yet, its efficacy for enhancing learning rate and long-term retention in an ecologically valid learning environment has not been demonstrated. We conducted two double-blind sham-controlled experiments examining the efficacy of auricular tVNS (taVNS: Experiment (1) and cervical tVNS (tcVNS: Experiment (2), on a 5 day second-language vocabulary acquisition protocol among highly selected career linguists at the US Department of Defense's premier language school.

Mitigating skeletal muscle wasting in unloading and augmenting subsequent recovery.

Skeletal muscle wasting is the hallmark pathophysiological adaptation to unloading or disuse that demonstrates the dependency on frequent mechanical stimulation (e.g. muscle activation and subsequent loading) for homeostasis of normally load-bearing muscles.

Efficacy and Safety of Long-term Ketogenic Diet Therapy in a Patient With Type 1 Diabetes.

Fewer than 1% of patients with type 1 diabetes achieve normal glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] < 5.7%/ < 39 mmol/mol). Additionally, exogenous insulin administration often causes "iatrogenic hyperinsulinemia," leading to whole-body insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular complications.

International society of sports nutrition position stand: ketogenic diets.

Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the use of a ketogenic diet in healthy exercising adults, with a focus on exercise performance and body composition. However, this review does not address the use of exogenous ketone supplements. The following points summarize the position of the ISSN.

Muscle-derived microRNAs correlated with thigh lean mass gains during progressive resistance training in older adults.

Resistance training (RT) remains the most effective treatment for age-related declines in muscle mass. However, many older adults experience attenuated muscle hypertrophy in response to RT when compared with younger adults. This may be attributed to underlying molecular processes that are dysregulated by aging and exacerbated by improperly prescribed RT weekly volume, intensity, and/or frequency doses.

Advanced cardiovascular physiology in an individual with type 1 diabetes after 10-year ketogenic diet.

Adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have an elevated risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with the general population. HbA1c is the primary modifiable risk factor for CVD in T1D. Fewer than 1% of patients achieve euglycemia (<5.

Test-Retest Reliability of Running Economy and Metabolic and Cardiorespiratory Parameters During a Multistage Incremental Treadmill Test in Male Middle- and Long-Distance Runners.

This study investigated the test-retest reliability of running economy (RE) and metabolic and cardiorespiratory parameters related to endurance running performance using a multistage incremental treadmill test. On two occasions separated by 21-28 days, 12 male middle- and long-distance runners ran at 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 km/hr for 8 min each stage, immediately followed by a ramp test to volitional exhaustion. Carbohydrate (10% maltodextrin solution) was consumed before and during the test to provide ∼1 g/min of exercise.

Does resistance training in older adults lead to structural brain changes associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer's dementia? A narrative review.

Dementia, particularly Alzheimer's Disease (AD), has links to several modifiable risk factors, especially physical inactivity. When considering the relationship between physcial activity and dementia risk, cognitive benefits are generally attributed to aerobic exercise, with resistance exercise (RE) receiving less attention. This review aims to address this gap by evaluating the impact of RE on brain structures and cognitive deficits associated with AD.

Exogenous Ketone Supplement Administration Abrogated Isoflurane-Anesthesia-Induced Increase in Blood Glucose Level in Female WAG/Rij Rats.

It has been demonstrated that isoflurane-induced anesthesia can increase the blood glucose level, leading to hyperglycemia and several adverse effects. The administration of a mix of ketone diester (KE) and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil, named KEMCT, abolished the isoflurane-anesthesia-induced increase in blood glucose level and prolonged the recovery time from isoflurane anesthesia in a male preclinical rodent model, Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats. While most preclinical studies use exclusively male animals, our previous study on blood glucose changes in response to KEMCT administration showed that the results can be sex-dependent.

Impact of temperature on physical and cognitive performance in elite female football players during intermittent exercise.

There is limited research on female football players, especially related to their physical and cognitive performance under different climactic conditions. We analyzed the impact of a hot environmental temperature on physical performance and anticipation in elite female football players during a fatigue-inducing intermittent protocol. Elite female players (n = 21) performed the countermovement jump (CMJ) and responded to filmed sequences of offensive play under two distinct environmental temperatures (i.