Dish-like drying patterns of the water-soluble gelatin sheet wetted by an aqueous droplet.

Drying dissipative patterns of the water-soluble gelatin sheet wetted by an aqueous droplet were observed as a function of time elapsed. The arrayed clusters of dishes formed at the broad ring area and grew outward toward multiple arrays with time. The drying patterns formed by the cooperative contribution of wetting, swelling, dissolving, evaporative, convectional, sedimentary and solidifying processes.

Dissipative crystallization of aqueous mixtures of potassium salts of poly(riboadenylic acid) and poly(ribouridylic acid).

Dissipative drying patterns of aqueous mixtures of potassium salts of poly(riboadenylic acid) (KPolyA) and poly(ribouridylic acid) (KPolyU) were studied on a cover glass, a watch glass and a glass dish at room temperature. Accumulation of the polymers forming the broad rings near the outside edge and the inner area of the dried film was observed. The fine multiple ring structures formed when the affinity of the polymer with the substrate is strong.

Dissipative crystallization of potassium salt of poly(riboadenylic acid).

Dissipative patterns during the course of dryness of aqueous solution of potassium salt of poly(riboadenylic acid) (KPolyA) in the presence of potassium chloride were studied on a cover glass, a watch glass and a glass dish. Accumulation of KPolyA polymers forming the broad ring area and the drastic change in size and shape of the polymer single crystals depending on the location of the dried film, which are the typical effects of the dissipative crystallization, took place. Polymer crystals formed were spherulites, dendritic and rod-like assemblies, which are composed of the single or double helical chains depending on the pH-value of the initial solution.

Electro-optic effects of colloidal crystals.

Many kinds of electro-optic effects of colloidal crystals are observed and discussed on the basis of the fundamental properties of colloidal crystals themselves. Several electro-optic effects of colloidal crystals have been found by the authors mainly by use of light-scattering, reflection- and transmitted-light intensity measurements in an electric field, (a) waveform deformation, (b) phase-shift effects, (c) second-order harmonics generation, (d) self-resonance frequency generation (characteristic frequency and harmonic oscillation), (e) peak wavelength-shift effects and (f) waveform transformation. These electro-optic responses are explained successfully by the resonance-, visco-elastic- and structural relaxation-parameters of colloidal crystals.

Drying dissipative structures of lycopodium spore particles in aqueous dispersion.

Drying dissipative structures of aqueous dispersions of lycopodium particles (31 microm in average diameter) from the spores of Lycopodium clavatum were studied as a function of the particle concentrations in the presence and the absence of sodium chloride. The drying patterns formed on a cover glass, a watch glass and a Petri glass dish were observed macroscopically and microscopically. Lycopodium particles were the combination of hemisphere and tetrahedron in their shape and possessed the weakly acidic groups on their surfaces.

Drying dissipative patterns of the colloidal crystals of silica spheres in an dc-electric field.

Drying dissipative structural patterns of the colloidal crystals of silica spheres were studied under an dc-electric field. Platinum plate electrodes of anode and cathode were set on a cover glass. The broad hills accumulated with the spheres were observed at the outer edges of the dried film without and also with the electric fields.

Drying dissipative structures of nonionic surfactants in aqueous solution.

Macroscopic and microscopic dissipative structural patterns form in the course of drying a series of aqueous solutions of polyoxyethylenealkyl ethers. The shift from the single round hill with accumulated surfactant molecules to the broad ring patterns of the hill in a macroscopic scale occurs as the HLB (hydrophile-liophile balance) of the surfactant molecules increases. The patterns correlate intimately with the HLB values of the surfactants.