Staging of progressive supranuclear palsy-Richardson syndrome using MRI brain charts for the human lifespan.

Brain charts for the human lifespan have been recently proposed to build dynamic models of brain anatomy in normal aging and various neurological conditions. They offer new possibilities to quantify neuroanatomical changes from preclinical stages to death, where longitudinal MRI data are not available. In this study, we used brain charts to model the progression of brain atrophy in progressive supranuclear palsy-Richardson syndrome.

Lifespan neurodegeneration of the human brain in multiple sclerosis.

Atrophy related to multiple sclerosis (MS) has been found at the early stages of the disease. However, the archetype dynamic trajectories of the neurodegenerative process, even prior to clinical diagnosis, remain unknown. We modeled the volumetric trajectories of brain structures across the entire lifespan using 40,944 subjects (38,295 healthy controls and 2649 MS patients).

Lifespan Neurodegeneration Of The Human Brain In Multiple Sclerosis.

Background: Atrophy related to Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has been found at the early stages of the disease. However, the archetype dynamic trajectories of the neurodegenerative process, even prior to clinical diagnosis, remain unknown.

Methods: We modeled the volumetric trajectories of brain structures across the entire lifespan using 40944 subjects (38295 healthy controls and 2649 MS patients).

Anatomical MRI staging of frontotemporal dementia variants.

Introduction: The three clinical variants of frontotemporal dementia (behavioral variant [bvFTD], semantic dementia, and progressive non-fluent aphasia [PNFA]) are likely to develop over decades, from the preclinical stage to death.

Methods: To describe the long-term chronological anatomical progression of FTD variants, we built lifespan brain charts of normal aging and FTD variants by combining 8022 quality-controlled MRIs from multiple large-scale data-bases, including 107 bvFTD, 44 semantic dementia, and 38 PNFA.

Results: We report in this manuscript the anatomical MRI staging schemes of the three FTD variants by describing the sequential divergence of volumetric trajectories between normal aging and FTD variants.

Expression of Functional Cannabinoid Type-1 (CB) Receptor in Mitochondria of White Adipocytes.

Via activation of the cannabinoid type-1 (CB) receptor, endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids modulate important biochemical and cellular processes in adipocytes. Several pieces of evidence suggest that alterations of mitochondrial physiology might be a possible mechanism underlying cannabinoids' effects on adipocyte biology. Many reports suggest the presence of CB receptor mRNA in both white and brown adipose tissue, but the detailed subcellular localization of CB protein in adipose cells has so far been scarcely addressed.

Structure-function coupling as a correlate and potential biomarker of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) features extensive connectivity changes, but how structural and functional connectivity relate, and whether this relation could be a useful biomarker for cognitive impairment in MS is unclear. This study included 79 MS patients and 40 healthy controls (HCs). Patients were classified as cognitively impaired (CI) or cognitively preserved (CP).

Structural progression of Alzheimer's disease over decades: the MRI staging scheme.

The chronological progression of brain atrophy over decades, from pre-symptomatic to dementia stages, has never been formally depicted in Alzheimer's disease. This is mainly due to the lack of cohorts with long enough MRI follow-ups in cognitively unimpaired young participants at baseline. To describe a spatiotemporal atrophy staging of Alzheimer's disease at the whole-brain level, we built extrapolated lifetime volumetric models of healthy and Alzheimer's disease brain structures by combining multiple large-scale databases ( = 3512 quality controlled MRI from 9 cohorts of subjects covering the entire lifespan, including 415 MRI from ADNI1, ADNI2 and AIBL for Alzheimer's disease patients).

Hippocampal-amygdalo-ventricular atrophy score: Alzheimer disease detection using normative and pathological lifespan models.

In this article, we present an innovative MRI-based method for Alzheimer disease (AD) detection and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) prognostic, using lifespan trajectories of brain structures. After a full screening of the most discriminant structures between AD and normal aging based on MRI volumetric analysis of 3,032 subjects, we propose a novel Hippocampal-Amygdalo-Ventricular Atrophy score (HAVAs) based on normative lifespan models and AD lifespan models. During a validation on three external datasets on 1,039 subjects, our approach showed very accurate detection (AUC ≥ 94%) of patients with AD compared to control subjects and accurate discrimination (AUC = 78%) between progressive MCI and stable MCI (during a 3-year follow-up).

A meta-analysis comparing first-line immunosuppressants in neuromyelitis optica.

Objective: As phase III trials have shown interest in innovative but expensive drugs in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), data are needed to clarify strategies in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica (NMO). This meta-analysis compares the efficacy of first-line strategies using rituximab (RTX), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), or azathioprine (AZA), which are still widely used.

Methods: Studies identified by the systematic review of Huang et al.

Detection of a temporal structure in the rat behavioural response to an aversive stimulation in the emotional object recognition (EOR) task.

Aim of the research was to investigate whether a temporal structure could be detected in the behavioural response to an aversive stimulation. A fear-related memory task was used in rats, placed in a modified version of the Novel Object Recognition task known as Emotional Object Recognition task, i.e.

Validation of the French version of the minimal assessment of cognitive function in multiple sclerosis (MACFIMS).

Background: The Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in Multiple sclerosis (MACFIMS) is an internationally recognised battery of neuropsychological tests for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Objectives: To establish regression-based norms for the MACFIMS in French-speaking healthy subjects (HS) and validate its use in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS).

Methods: 136 PwMS, including 43 with relapsing-remitting MS, 46 with secondary progressive MS and 45 with primary progressive MS, as well as 276 HS were enrolled.

Structural constraints of functional connectivity drive cognitive impairment in the early stages of multiple sclerosis.

Background: The relationship between structural and functional deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS) is unclear.

Objective: This study explored structure-function relationships during the 5 years following a clinically isolated syndrome and their role in cognitive performance.

Methods: Thirty-two patients were enrolled after their first neurological episode suggestive of MS and followed for 5 years, along with 10 matched healthy controls.

Bidirectional astrocytic GLUT1 activation by elevated extracellular K.

The acute rise in interstitial K that accompanies neural activity couples the energy demand of neurons to the metabolism of astrocytes. The effects of elevated K on astrocytes include activation of aerobic glycolysis, inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and the release of lactate. Using a genetically encoded FRET glucose sensor and a novel protocol based on 3-O-methylglucose trans-acceleration and numerical simulation of glucose dynamics, we report that extracellular K is also a potent and reversible modulator of the astrocytic glucose transporter GLUT1.

French validation of the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis.

Background: Cognitive impairment is important to consider in the assessment of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. A short battery of cognitive assessment, the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS), has been developed to address the need for rapid assessment by combining 3 tests assessing the main cognitive spheres reached in MS.

Objectives: To establish regression-based norms of the BICAMS in French speaking healthy subjects (HS) and validate its use in persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS).

Effect of cognitive rehabilitation on neuropsychological and semiecological testing and on daily cognitive functioning in multiple sclerosis: The REACTIV randomized controlled study.

Background: Specific cognitive rehabilitation (SCR) has been suggested for multiple sclerosis (MS). A randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating the therapeutic effects of SCR is necessary.

Objective: To demonstrate the superiority of a SCR program (REACTIV) over nonspecific intervention (NSI) for neuropsychological (NP) assessment, virtual reality (VR) cognitive testing and daily cognitive functioning.

Long-Term Effects of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy on Bone Mineral Density: a 4-Year Longitudinal Study.

Introduction: Bone mineral density (BMD) declines in the initial years after bariatric surgery, but long-term skeletal effects are unclear and comparisons between sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are rare.

Design And Methods: An observational longitudinal study of obese patients undergoing SG or RYGB was performed. Whole-body (WB) BMD, along with BMD of the total hip (TH), femoral neck (FN), and lumbar spine (LS), was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) before surgery and yearly thereafter for 4 years.

Dynamic modular-level alterations of structural-functional coupling in clinically isolated syndrome.

Structural and functional connectivity abnormalities have been reported previously in multiple sclerosis. However, little is known about how each modality evolution relates to the other. Recent studies in other neurological disorders have suggested that structural-functional coupling may be more sensitive in detecting brain alterations than any single modality.

Differential Gray Matter Vulnerability in the 1 Year Following a Clinically Isolated Syndrome.

Whether some gray matter (GM) regions are differentially vulnerable at the early stages of MS is still unknown. The objective of this study is to investigate whether deep and cortical GM are differentially vulnerable after a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS). Fifty-six patients with CIS (PwCIS) and 38 healthy controls (HC) had conventional and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) at baseline and 46 PwCIS and 20 HC were rescanned after 1 year.

Cognitive assessment in patients with multiple sclerosis: From neuropsychological batteries to ecological tools.

Background: Cognitive impairment (CI) is frequent in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and could negatively affect family social and vocational activities. Detecting CI is clinically relevant, so the emerging question is the strategy for assessing cognition in MS.

Objective: An update on cognitive assessment in PwMS with use of standard neuropsychological (NP) tests and ecological tools.

Regional hippocampal vulnerability in early multiple sclerosis: Dynamic pathological spreading from dentate gyrus to CA1.

Background: Whether hippocampal subfields are differentially vulnerable at the earliest stages of multiple sclerosis (MS) and how this impacts memory performance is a current topic of debate.

Method: We prospectively included 56 persons with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) suggestive of MS in a 1-year longitudinal study, together with 55 matched healthy controls at baseline. Participants were tested for memory performance and scanned with 3 T MRI to assess the volume of 5 distinct hippocampal subfields using automatic segmentation techniques.

Neuroimaging evidence of brain abnormalities in mastocytosis.

Mastocytosis is a rare disease in which chronic symptoms are related to mast cell accumulation and activation. Patients can display depression-anxiety-like symptoms and cognitive impairment. The pathophysiology of these symptoms may be associated with tissular mast cell infiltration, mast cell mediator release or both.

Cannabinoid receptor type-1: breaking the dogmas.

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is abundantly expressed in the brain. This system regulates a plethora of physiological functions and is composed of cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids), and the enzymes involved in the metabolism of endocannabinoids. In this review, we highlight the new advances in cannabinoid signaling, focusing on a key component of the ECS, the type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB 1).