[The normal sonographic picture of the paratonsillar region and the prerequisites for ultrasound diagnosis of purulent pathology of the pharynx].

Paratonsillar abscess (PTA) stands out among all otorhinolaryngological diseases, since it can cause life-threatening complications that develop in the shortest possible time due to the close connection of the cellular spaces of the head, neck and mediastinum. In addition to physical examination, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are routinely used to diagnose PTA, sonography is less often used. With the help of the latter, it is possible to reliably distinguish PTA from both paratonsillitis and a number of other diseases, including an aneurysm of the internal carotid artery, using the Doppler mode.

[Opportunities to improve the prognosis of the course of COVID-19 for at-risk patients].

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a combination of virus neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of patients with confirmed COVID-19 and risk factors for disease progression and severe disease course.

Materials And Methods: The study was carried out in the Sokolniki temporary hospital of the Inozemtsev City Clinical Hospital. A retrospective comparative case-control study included 400 patients hospitalized for confirmed COVID-19 infection from November 01, 2022 to March 31, 2023.

[Aseptic nasal septal abscess in patients with ulcerative colitis: two case reports. Case report].

Ulcerative colitis (UC) may be associated with different extra-intestinal manifestations (EIM), which are often difficult to diagnose and treat, and may complicate the course of the disease. EIM are a multidisciplinary problem encountered by doctors of various specializations. However, many incidences of EIM in patients with UC remain unknown.

Microsomal reductase activity in patients with thyroid neoplasms.

Objective: Cytochrome b5-reductase (CYB5R) and cytochrome P450 reductase (CYPOR) are important for cell metabolism; however, their role in thyroid hormonogenesis and carcinogenesis has not been elucidated yet. The activity of CYB5R correlates with the metastasis in breast cancer, but there are no similar studies for CYB5R and CYPOR for thyroid tumors. The aim of this study was to elucidate the activity of CYB5R and CYPOR changes in benign euthyroid and hyperthyroid neoplasms and in papillary thyroid cancer for their potential application as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis prediction of thyroid cancer.

[Cavernous malformation of the optic nerve: clinical case and literature review].

Introduction: Cavernous malformation (cm) of the optic nerve is a rare condition It is clinically presented by the so-called chiasmal apoplexy. Microsurgical removal of cavernous malformation is the method of choice.

Material And Methods: Authors present a clinical case of the removal of cavernous malformation of the left optic nerve.

[Bilateral supraorbital keyhole approach in surgery of multiple cerebral aneurysms: a case report and literature review].

Unlabelled: The choice of an approach in surgery of bilateral multiple aneurysms is a complex and topical issue. According to the literature data, the occurrence rate of multiple aneurysms varies between 6.5 and 33%.

Fixator-assisted nailing of tibial fractures: New surgical technique and presentation of first 30 cases.

Background: Intramedullary nailing is considered a "gold standard" for treatment of tibial shaft fractures. However, some types of fractures are typically considered as "difficult for nailing". This group includes the periarticular fractures, fractures of both bones at the same level, comminuted and segmental fractures of the tibia.

[Endoscope-assisted keyhole approach in cerebral aneurysm surgery].

Unlabelled: The last decades in neurosurgery have been marked by the rapid development of minimally invasive techniques, including the use of the concept of keyhole/burrhole surgery and active introduction of endoscopic techniques. These alternatives to traditional approaches have minimized concomitant injury to tissues and the brain and improved functional and cosmetic outcomes. Endoscopic assistance in keyhole approaches, along with its use in traditional approaches, seems even more reasonable because the field of microscopic view is considerably limited in the case of a mini-approach.

[The transpalpebral keyhole approach in surgery of orbital cavernomas: a case report and literature review].

Aim: Currently, there are many different surgical approaches to orbital pathology. This pathology rarely occurs in neurosurgical practice, and neurosurgeons have often used approaches that can be accompanied by negative cosmetic and functional outcomes.

Material And Methods: We present a case report of orbital cavernoma removal via a minimally invasive approach.

[Transpalpebral craniotomy in skull base surgery].

Unlabelled: The concept of minimally invasive neurosurgery has significantly evolved in recent years, which is associated with improvements in diagnostics, microneurosurgical techniques, anesthesiology, and intraoperative imaging.

Material And Methods: We present the preliminary results of using transpalpebral craniotomy in surgery of supratentorial aneurysms and anterior cranial fossa tumors. In the period between 2015 and 2107, we used this approach in surgical treatment of 30 aneurysms (10 aneurysms in the 'cold' period of hemorrhage and 20 unruptured aneurysms) and 10 anterior cranial fossa base tumors.

[An acute subdural hematoma caused by rupture of a middle cerebral artery aneurysm].

Acute subdural hematoma caused by cerebral aneurysm rupture is rare. We describe a clinical case of an acute subdural hematoma developed due to rupture of an aneurysm at the M1 segment bifurcation of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). The acute subdural hematoma associated with intracranial hypertension and transtentorial herniation resulted in a comatose condition.

Minipterional craniotomy in surgery for anterior circle of Willis aneurysms.

One of the significant events in aneurysm surgery was promotion of a microneurosurgical technique by G. Yasargil. Despite its versatility, pterional craniotomy is associated with extensive osteotomy and a significant incision of the skin and temporal muscle, which may lead to the adverse cosmetic effects, risk of temporomandibular joint dysfunction, injury to the frontal branch of the facial nerve, and facial and scalp numbness.

[Supraorbital keyhole craniotomy in surgery of anterior circle of willis aneurysms].

The progress in surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms is based on the introduction of modern minimally invasive techniques. Among the variety of keyhole approaches, supraorbital craniotomy is most often used in surgical treatment of anterior circle of willis aneurysms. The authors present the preliminary results of application of supraorbital keyhole craniotomy for anterior circle of willis aneurysms in 27 patients.

Mini-orbitozygomatic craniotomy in surgery for supratentorial aneurysms and tumors of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.

Unlabelled: Progress in microneurosurgical techniques, neuroanesthesiology, and intraoperative imaging enables surgery using small incisions and craniotomy, in accordance with the keyhole surgery concept. Supraorbital craniotomy is the most widespread minimally invasive approach. There are a number of supraorbital craniotomy modifications, regarding different soft tissue incisions and the extent of craniotomy.

[Evolution of surgical approaches to the anterior and middle cranial fossa: from extended craniotomy to the supraorbital keyhole approach].

At early history of neurosurgery, the use of extended craniotomy was dictated by poor illumination, inadequate visualization, and the lack of accurate diagnosis. The technological progress development and the emergence of highly informative neuroimaging, microscopy, and neuroendoscopy minimized neurosurgical approaches and, accordingly, approach-associated complications. At present, the fundamental philosophy of minimally invasive surgery is of particular topicality because this surgery contributes to rapid recovery of patients and reduces the period of hospital treatment.