Protein biomarkers GDF15 and FGF21 to differentiate mitochondrial hepatopathies from other pediatric liver diseases.

Background: Mitochondrial hepatopathies (MHs) are primary mitochondrial genetic disorders that can present as childhood liver disease. No recognized biomarkers discriminate MH from other childhood liver diseases. The protein biomarkers growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) differentiate mitochondrial myopathies from other myopathies.

Pediatric Phantom Dosimetry Evaluation of a New Rectangular Collimator.

To compare the effective dose (E) of the Tru-Image® rectangular collimator and the universal round collimator of a Planmeca® wall-mounted radiograph unit for two bitewing radiographs (right and left) on a pediatric phantom.
Absorbed doses utilizing the Tru-Image ®rectangular collimator and universal round collimator were acquired using an anthropomorphic 10-year-old child phantom. Each set of 24 dosimeters was exposed to two bitewing exposures with the manufacturer's child settings.

Trends in dental insurance claims in the United States before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2020.

Objectives: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic disrupted health care services. Previous reports estimated reductions in demand and supply of dental care services, but actual changes have not been reported. The present report depicts a perspective of trends in claims from private dental practice in the United States during 2019 and 2020.

Respiratory Dysfunction Criteria in Critically Ill Children: The PODIUM Consensus Conference.

Context: Respiratory dysfunction is a component of every organ failure scoring system developed, reflecting the significance of the lung in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. However, existing systems do not reflect current practice and are not consistently evidence based.

Objective: We aimed to review the literature to identify the components of respiratory failure associated with outcomes in children, with the purpose of developing an operational and evidence-based definition of respiratory dysfunction.

Preparedness for Pediatric Office Emergencies: A Multicenter, Simulation-Based Study.

Objectives: Pediatric emergencies can occur in pediatric primary care offices. However, few studies have measured emergency preparedness, or the processes of emergency care, provided in the pediatric office setting. In this study, we aimed to measure emergency preparedness and care in a national cohort of pediatric offices.

Mesenchymal stem cells and local tacrolimus delivery synergistically enhance neurite extension.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and local delivery of tacrolimus (FK506) on nerve regeneration when applied to nerve autografts and decellularized allografts.

Methods: A three-dimensional in vitro compartmented cell culture system consisting of a neonatal dorsal root ganglion adjacent to a nerve graft was used to evaluate the regenerating neurites into the peripheral nerve scaffold. Nerve autografts and allografts were treated with (i) undifferentiated MSCs, (ii) FK506 (100 ng/mL) or (iii) both (N = 9/group).

Tranexamic Acid in Infantile Craniosynostosis Surgery: Friend or Foe?

Background: Recent studies support the prophylactic use of tranexamic acid during craniosynostosis surgery to reduce blood loss. The study aims to assess national trends and outcomes of tranexamic acid administration.

Methods: The Pediatric Health Information System database was used to identify patients who underwent craniosynostosis surgery over a 9-year period (2010 to 2018).

Guillain-Barré Syndrome in a Child With COVID-19 Infection.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is characterized by a monophasic, ascending, and symmetrical paralysis with areflexia that progresses over days to weeks. It is typically a postinfectious autoimmune process that leads to destruction of myelin. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), originated in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and rapidly spread around the world, causing a pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Pediatric Phantom Dosimetry Evaluation of the Extraoral Bitewing.

This study's purpose was to evaluate the effective dose (E) and equivalent dose () of exposing a pediatric phantom to the extraoral bitewing programs of the Planmeca ProMax 2D S3 (ProMax) and Instrumentarium Orthopantomograph OP30 (OP30) and compare these results with dosimetry associated with the intraoral bitewing and panoramic radiograph. Dosimetry was acquired by placing 24 dosimeters in tissues of interest in a 10-year-old phantom. Manufacturer child settings were used for all scans.

Sudden-onset trochlear nerve palsy: clinical characteristics and treatment implications.

Purpose: To identify clinical characteristics, etiologies, and treatment implications of sudden-onset, acquired cases of superior oblique palsy.

Methods: The medical records of patients diagnosed with trochlear nerve palsy between January 2010 and January 2018 were reviewed retrospectively to identify cases of acquired trochlear nerve palsy with a specific date of onset of acute symptoms or specific causative incident. Patients with congenital palsies or an uncertain date of onset, history of other strabismus, concomitant oculomotor or abducens nerve palsies, or history of strabismus surgery were excluded.

Targeting of memory T cells with alefacept in new-onset type 1 diabetes (T1DAL study): 12 month results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial.

Background: Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune targeting of the pancreatic β cells, likely mediated by effector memory T (Tem) cells. CD2, a T cell surface protein highly expressed on Tem cells, is targeted by the fusion protein alefacept, depleting Tem cells and central memory T (Tcm) cells. We postulated that alefacept would arrest autoimmunity and preserve residual β cells in patients newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.

Dynamic US study in the evaluation of infants with vertical or oblique talus deformities.

Background: Congenital vertical talus (CVT) is a rare foot deformity that is sometimes difficult to differentiate from oblique talus (OT) by physical examination and foot radiography.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to summarize our experience with US in evaluation of CVT and OT deformities.

Materials And Methods: We identified all children (2005-2011) younger than 6 months who underwent dynamic focused US of the foot at our tertiary-care facility to evaluate clinically equivocal cases of CVT.