The Influence of Facial Injury during the First World War on the Development of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in Britain and Germany.

In the First World War (WW1), different types of injuries became both political and economic factors for the main belligerent countries. This work illustrates the special role facial injuries played during and after the war and the profound impact they had on the field of Plastic Surgery in Britain and Germany.This is a historical work based on primary and secondary sources.

HIV enteropathy and 'Slim disease': Historical and current perspectives.

Objectives: Chronic diarrhoea and severe wasting associated with HIV infection were first described in East African patients as slim disease (SD) in 1985. The main histological features are flattening of the villi (villous atrophy) and crypt hyperplasia (elongated crypts), i.e.

Characterising airway obstructive, dysanaptic and PRISm phenotypes of prematurity-associated lung disease.

Introduction: Although obstructive airway disease has been shown to be associated with prematurity, other spirometry phenotypes are less well described.

Objectives: We characterised abnormal spirometry phenotypes in preterm-born children, including prematurity-associated obstructive lung disease (POLD, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV)
Methods: 768 children, aged 7-12 years, underwent FE measurements and spirometry before and after salbutamol.

Evaluation of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Effectiveness in Ghana (TyVEGHA) Using a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Phase IV Trial: Trial Design and Population Baseline Characteristics.

Typhoid fever remains a significant health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, with incidence rates of >100 cases per 100,000 person-years of observation. Despite the prequalification of safe and effective typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCV), some uncertainties remain around future demand. Real-life effectiveness data, which inform public health programs on the impact of TCVs in reducing typhoid-related mortality and morbidity, from an African setting may help encourage the introduction of TCVs in high-burden settings.

The Effect of Pituitary Gland Disorders on Glucose Metabolism: From Pathophysiology to Management.

This review aims to explore, present, and discuss disorders of glucose metabolism implicated in pituitary gland diseases, the appropriate interventions, as well as the therapeutic challenges that may arise. Pituitary pathologies may dysregulate glucose homeostasis, as both the excess and deficiency of various pituitary hormones can affect glucose metabolism. Increased circulating levels of growth hormone, glucocorticoids or prolactin have been shown to mainly provoke hyperglycemic states, while hypopituitarism can be associated with both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.

Safety guidelines for nonsurgical facial procedures during COVID-19 outbreak.

Background: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is expected to last for an extended time, making strict safety precautions for office procedures unavoidable. The lockdown is going to be lifted in many areas, and strict guidelines detailing the infection control measures for aesthetic clinics are going to be of particular importance.

Methods: A virtual meeting was conducted with the members (n = 12) of the European Academy of Facial Plastic Surgery Focus Group to outline the safety protocol for the nonsurgical facial aesthetic procedures for aesthetic practices in order to protect the clinic staff and the patients from SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Single-Cell Analyses Reveal Megakaryocyte-Biased Hematopoiesis in Myelofibrosis and Identify Mutant Clone-Specific Targets.

Myelofibrosis is a severe myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by increased numbers of abnormal bone marrow megakaryocytes that induce fibrosis, destroying the hematopoietic microenvironment. To determine the cellular and molecular basis for aberrant megakaryopoiesis in myelofibrosis, we performed single-cell transcriptome profiling of 135,929 CD34 lineage hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), single-cell proteomics, genomics, and functional assays. We identified a bias toward megakaryocyte differentiation apparent from early multipotent stem cells in myelofibrosis and associated aberrant molecular signatures.

Robotics in Cleft Surgery: Origins, Current Status and Future Directions.

The field of robotic surgery is an exciting and growing field that has bolstered its way to become a mainstream application in a number of surgical disciplines. The application of robotic surgery in cleft surgery is novel and has captivated many with the benefit it provides: the slender and small arms with wrist articulation at the instrument tip; motion scaling; tremor elimination; and high fidelity, three-dimensional visualization make the robot a very attractive platform for use in confined spaces with small surgical targets. The story of the origin of robotic surgery in cleft surgery is an interesting one, and one that has arisen from other allied surgical specialities to render robotic cleft surgery as its own specialised field.

Outcomes in Rhinoplasty.

In recent years, there is an increasing trend to use health-related quality of life questionnaires after surgical procedures. The idea is to prove the success of an operation by objectively measurable parameters. Rhinoplasty is by far the most frequently performed surgery of facial plastic surgery.

Novel putative drivers revealed by targeted exome sequencing of advanced solid tumors.

Next generation sequencing (NGS) is becoming increasingly integrated into oncological practice and clinical research. NGS methods have also provided evidence for clonal evolution of cancers during disease progression and treatment. The number of variants associated with response to specific therapeutic agents keeps increasing.

microRNA-206 correlates with left ventricular function after transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is the method of choice in patients with high risk or contraindications for conventional aortic valve replacement. However, it is not well understood which parameters predict the overall cardiac function postprocedurally. miRNAs are small noncoding RNA molecules that repress gene expression by different mechanisms and can also be detected in the blood.

Relationship between carotid atherosclerosis and coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic diabetic patients: A prospective multicenter study.

Background: The value of screening sub-clinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains controversial.

Hypothesis: An integrated model incorporating carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and carotid plaque with traditional risk factors can be used to predict prevalence and severity of coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic T2DM patients.

Methods: A cohort of 262 asymptomatic T2DM patients were prospectively studied with carotid ultrasound to evaluate CIMT and carotid plaque and also a computed tomography coronary artery calcium (CT-CAC) scan.

MicroRNA 628-5p as a Novel Biomarker for Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy.

Background: Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT). Because of its clinically silent progression and lack of symptoms, detection is often difficult and invasive coronary angiography is performed routinely. To date, there are no established noninvasive biomarkers available for prediction of CAV in transplanted patients.

Neuronal Antibodies in Children with or without Narcolepsy following H1N1-AS03 Vaccination.

Type 1 narcolepsy is caused by deficiency of hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin. An autoimmune basis is suspected, but no specific antibodies, either causative or as biomarkers, have been identified. However, the AS03 adjuvanted split virion H1N1 (H1N1-AS03) vaccine, created to protect against the 2009 Pandemic, has been implicated as a trigger of narcolepsy particularly in children.

Clinical and cost effectiveness of staff training in Positive Behaviour Support (PBS) for treating challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disability: a cluster randomised controlled trial.

Background: Many people with intellectual disability present with challenging behaviour which often has serious consequences such as the prescription of long term medication, in-patient admissions and disruption of normal daily activities. Small scale studies of Positive Behaviour Support (PBS) delivered by paid carers suggest that it reduces challenging behaviour and costs of care and improves quality of life. This study aims to investigate whether professionals training in the delivery of PBS as part of routine practice is clinically and cost effective compared to treatment as usual in community intellectual disability services.

Bilateral Femoral Nutrient Foraminal Cement Penetration during Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Introduction: Cement pressurisation is important for the insertion of both the acetabular and femoral components during Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA). Secondary to pressurization the rare phenomenon of unilateral cement incursion into the nutrient foramen has previously been reported. No bilateral case has been reported to date.

Experimental leprosy: a model of epithelioid cell granuloma.

An animal model of granulomatous hypersensitivity has been developed, which reproduces some features of the pathologies of important chronic granulomatous disorders, including tuberculosis, tuberculoid leprosy, sarcoidosis, berylliosis, Crohn's disease, and sensitivity to zirconium. The lesions consist of focal collections of epithelioid cells surrounded by lymphocytes to form tubercles. The epithelioid cell has a secretory function and is not phagocytic.

Use of reclassification for assessment of improved prediction: an empirical evaluation.

Background: An increasing number of studies evaluate the ability of predictors to change risk stratification and alter medical decisions, i.e. reclassification performance.

How helpful are meta-analyses in determining the best therapy of blood diseases?

Meta-analyses of data from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are often used by hematologists to compare the efficacy of therapies of blood diseases. This is especially so when results of RCTs are not decisive. This situation in RCTs arises when the magnitude of differences in treatment outcomes between therapies tested is small, when trials are unpowered to detect differences (these are confounded) and/or when RCTs reach, or seem to reach, contradictory conclusions.