1,481 results match your criteria: "Imaging in Herpes Encephalitis"

Mortality and prognosis in herpes simplex Virus-1 encephalitis long-term follow up study.

J Neurol Sci

November 2024

Department of Neurology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; AI in Neurology Laboratory, Ruth and Bruce Rapaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525408, Israel; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America. Electronic address:

Article Synopsis
  • Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) encephalitis is the most common type of viral encephalitis globally, but there is limited understanding of long-term mortality rates and influencing factors.
  • A retrospective study analyzed data from HSV-positive encephalitis patients over 23 years, finding that 55.31% of HSV-1 patients died during follow-up, with older age and cancer comorbidities significantly increasing mortality risk.
  • Key findings highlighted that older patients had a higher risk of death, and having cancer dramatically impacted mortality, with an optimal age cut-off of 63.29 years identified for predicting outcomes.
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Article Synopsis
  • * Despite initial treatment, he later experienced psychosis and tremors, with subsequent MRI revealing new lesions and positive anti-NMDAR antibodies, indicating an autoimmune response.
  • * Prompt recognition and treatment of post-surgical inflammatory processes are crucial, as herpetic encephalitis can potentially trigger anti-NMDAR encephalitis, requiring immediate medical intervention.
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Background: There are two types of central auditory disorders due to pathology of the bilateral auditory cortices in adult patients: with residual hearing; with total hearing loss. However, long-term changes of hearing acuity over physical development time are unknown.

Objective: The aim of this case report was to illustrate the pathophysiology of auditory changes in a 1 year-3 months old child who was diagnosed with auditory agnosia as a sequel of herpes encephalitis and later developed cortical deafness during a 36-year follow-up.

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Article Synopsis
  • - HSV encephalitis is a leading cause of sporadic viral encephalitis, which can be serious and even fatal if not treated quickly; this case study highlights its impact.
  • - A 65-year-old man presented with acute respiratory issues and altered mental status after experiencing months of cognitive decline, leading to a diagnosis involving HSV, neurosyphilis, and possible autoimmune encephalitis.
  • - The case emphasizes the complexity of diagnosing and treating conditions that might involve multiple factors, highlighting the need for careful testing and prompt treatment with antivirals and antibiotics.
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Psychosis is a complex mental health condition that can have a profound impact on individuals and their families. It is characterized by a loss of contact with reality, including delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. While psychosis is most commonly associated with psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, it is crucial to consider other potential causes to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

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Article Synopsis
  • * A 16-year-old girl with Hodgkin's lymphoma developed a vesicular rash after completing chemotherapy, which was identified as a disseminated rash caused by the Oka vaccine-strain varicella-zoster virus, 11 years after her last vaccination.
  • * This case emphasizes the importance of understanding potential complications of immunizations, particularly in patients who become immunocompromised later in life, and highlights the necessity of viral genotyping to differentiate vaccine strains from wild-type infections.*
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Functional outcome after infectious encephalitis: a longitudinal multicentre prospective cohort study.

Clin Microbiol Infect

November 2024

INSERM, CIC 1414, Rennes, France; Infectious Diseases and Intensive Care Unit, CHU Ponchaillou, Rennes, France.

Article Synopsis
  • The study aimed to analyze the long-term functional outcomes of patients who survived infectious encephalitis (IE) and identify risk factors linked to poor recovery.
  • Researchers followed 322 patients over one year, assessing their recovery using the modified Rankin scale, and identified that many survivors experienced continued symptoms even after six months.
  • Key risk factors for a worse functional outcome included older age, immunocompromised status, ICU admission, abnormal brain imaging, and specific viral infections like herpes simplex virus 1.
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Article Synopsis
  • HSV-1 is a major cause of fatal encephalitis, often presenting with symptoms like fever, headache, seizures, and focal neurological deficits; hyperphagia, an increased appetite, is a rare complication.
  • A 25-year-old woman with a history of meningitis experienced severe neurological symptoms, MRI showed abnormalities in her temporal lobes, and CSF analysis confirmed an HSV-1 infection, leading to treatment with acyclovir.
  • The case illustrates that hyperphagia can occur as a standalone symptom of HSV encephalitis, highlighting the need for specialized treatment approaches and the importance of early diagnosis to avoid serious complications.
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Rhombencephalitis is an inflammatory disease affecting the hindbrain (brainstem and cerebellum). The causes of rhombencephalitis can be divided into infections, autoimmune conditions, and paraneoplastic syndrome. Early onset rhombencephalitis is associated with demyelinating disorders or Epstein-Barr virus infection.

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The alphaherpesvirus gE/gI glycoprotein complex and proteases jointly orchestrate invasion across the host's upper respiratory epithelial barrier.

mBio

November 2024

Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.

Article Synopsis
  • Alphaherpesviruses like HSV-1, pseudorabies virus (PRV), and bovine herpesvirus (BoHV-1) are important pathogens that invade the respiratory tract, but the specifics of how they penetrate mucosal barriers are still unclear.
  • This study focuses on the gE/gI glycoprotein complex and proteases, finding that removing calcium from the environment enhances viral infection by breaking down epithelial junctions and suggesting a shared method for how these viruses target their receptors.
  • Results showed that PRV replicates faster and invades deeper than HSV-1 and BoHV-1, with the gE glycoprotein being crucial for viral entry, while specific proteases contribute differently to invasion among
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Article Synopsis
  • * The exact cause of takotsubo cardiomyopathy is unclear, but theories suggest factors like high levels of stress hormones, microvascular issues, coronary spasms, or inflammation may play a role.
  • * A case study was presented of a patient with herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis who developed takotsubo cardiomyopathy, which improved after treatment with acyclovir, emphasizing the need for doctors to consider this type of cardiomyopathy when diagnosing HSV encephalitis with respiratory symptoms. *
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Article Synopsis
  • Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis is a serious neurological condition that can lead to temporal lobe damage and result in seizures and psychiatric symptoms, particularly affecting older adults.
  • A case study involving an older male patient revealed that he had new visual hallucinations and seizures, which led to a diagnostic journey that included CT and EEG tests, ultimately suggesting HSV encephalitis despite negative PCR results for the virus.
  • The patient improved significantly with antiviral and antiepileptic treatments, highlighting the importance of recognizing potential underlying causes of acute neuropsychiatric symptoms for timely and effective intervention.
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Article Synopsis
  • Herpes encephalitis is a serious illness caused by the herpes virus, affecting the brain and can lead to complications like blood clots in the brain (cerebral venous thrombosis or CVT).
  • A 14-year-old girl showed symptoms like confusion, headaches, and fever, leading doctors to suspect encephalitis; tests later confirmed she had HSV-1 causing her illness.
  • She was treated with special medications, but had some side effects, and doctors learned that CVT can happen along with herpes encephalitis, even though it's not common.
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Article Synopsis
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to serious health issues, including macrocytic anemia and mental disorders, and its diagnosis can be challenging.
  • A case study reports a 37-year-old woman experiencing psychiatric symptoms after total gastrectomy due to impaired absorption of vitamin B12, which was verified by low blood levels of the vitamin.
  • The patient showed rapid improvement after starting vitamin B12 supplementation, highlighting the need to consider this deficiency in patients with a history of gastric surgery when they present with unexplained mental health changes.
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Infectious leukoencephalopathies.

Handb Clin Neurol

September 2024

Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of Notre Dame, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of HIV Medicine and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address:

Article Synopsis
  • Leukoencephalopathy can be caused by various infectious agents, with some leading to rapid symptoms (like herpes simplex virus encephalitis) while others may take years to diagnose (like subacute sclerosing panencephalitis).
  • The chapter discusses the global prevalence, affected populations (both healthy and immunocompromised), and mortality rates of these infections, highlighting that some can be treated successfully if identified early.
  • Diagnostic methods, primarily MRI imaging features, are explored to identify different types of leukoencephalopathy, alongside a summary of treatment options for various infections.
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Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO), a neurological disorder is characterized by horizontal gaze palsy because of a lesion in the medial longitudinal fasciculus, a neural pathway that is mainly responsible for coordinating the movements of the eye. INO presents with diplopia and impaired adduction of the affected eye, accompanied by abducting eye nystagmus. The condition also arises from different etiologies which include multiple sclerosis, encephalitis, Lyme disease, HIV, and herpes zoster.

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Encephalitis is characterized by inflammation of the brain parenchyma with typical presenting symptoms of altered mental status and seizures. However, diagnostic workup is complex given the multitude of possible etiologies for encephalitis. Further, recurrence of encephalitis is rare, and understanding its risk factors, mechanisms, prognosis, and optimal treatment remains incomplete.

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Background:  Acute encephalitis refers to the clinical diagnosis of children who have a sudden onset of symptoms and show evidence of inflammatory lesions in the brain. Timely diagnosis is crucial for both lifesaving measures and the preservation of brain functions.

Objective:  The objective of the study was to determine the clinical and etiological profile of acute viral encephalitis in children within a tertiary care hospital.

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Article Synopsis
  • Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy (AHLE) is a rare and severe neurological condition with unclear causes, high morbidity, and significant mortality rates, but a case of a surviving young girl demonstrates potential for recovery.
  • A 13-year-old girl, after being treated for an upper respiratory infection, exhibited symptoms like drowsiness and received various treatments, including antiviral medications and IV immunoglobulin, which ultimately led to a diagnosis of AHLE.
  • The report emphasizes the challenge of accurately diagnosing AHLE due to its similarity to other more common neurological diseases, highlighting the need for more research into this rare condition.
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[Cognitive impairment? Don't forget neurolues].

Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd

August 2024

Rijnstate, afd. Neurologie,Arnhem.

Background: Cognitive disorders usually develop slowly over years and are mainly caused by untreatable neurodegenerative disorders. Rapidly progressive cognitive disorders should raise suspicion of an underlying and treatable psychiatric, internal or neurological condition. Timely recognition of these conditions is important.

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Herpes simplex virus (HSV), an epidemic human pathogen threatening global public health, gains notoriety for its complex pathogenesis that encompasses lytic infection of mucosal cells, latent infection within neurons, and periodic reactivation. This intricate interplay, coupled with HSV's sophisticated immune evasion strategies, gives rise to various diseases, including genital lesions, neonatal encephalitis, and cancer. Despite more than 70 years of relentless research, an effective preventive or therapeutic vaccine against HSV has yet to emerge, primarily due to the limited understanding of virus-host interactions, which in turn impedes the identification of effective vaccine targets.

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Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections necessitate careful management of urinary dysfunction and retention, which are underestimated conditions. Here, we present a rare case of HSV encephalomyeloradiculitis in a 76-year-old man, whose initial symptoms included urinary dysfunction and retention that alone lasted for approximately 1 week. Unlike in meningoencephalitis, high fever and headache were absent; however, the patient subsequently developed cauda equina syndrome and consciousness disturbance.

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Multiphoton intravital microscopy (MP-IVM) is an imaging technique used for the observation of living organisms at a microscopic resolution. The tissue of interest is exposed through a window allowing imaging of cells in real time. Using MP-IVM, the temporospatial kinetics of leukocyte transendothelial migration can be visualized and quantitated using reporter mice and cell-specific fluorophore-conjugated monoclonal antibodies to track the leukocytes within and outside of vascular beds.

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Background: Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) frequently triggers secondary anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis (NMDARE), but markers predicting the occurrence of this entity (HSE-NMDARE) are lacking.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective description of patients with HSE-NMDARE diagnosed between July 2014 and August 2022 and compared them to both patients with regular forms of HSE and NMDARE.

Results: Among the 375 patients with NMDARE, 13 HSE-NMDARE were included.

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The Rab6 post-Golgi secretory pathway contributes to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) egress.

J Virol

September 2024

ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.

Unlabelled: Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is an alpha herpesvirus that infects a majority of the world population. The mechanisms and cellular host factors involved in the intracellular transport and exocytosis of HSV-1 particles are not fully understood. To elucidate these late steps in the replication cycle, we developed a live-cell fluorescence microscopy assay of HSV-1 virion intracellular trafficking and exocytosis.

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